ArticleBMC developmental biology2008
Thyroid hormone components are expressed in three sequential waves during development of the chick retina.
Article in BMC developmental biology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- The human THRB thyroid hormone receptor gene and the puzzle of retinal disease phenotypes.Developmental biology · 2026Review
- Thyroid hormone regulatory system in the mouse retina: integrated transcriptional and translational analysis of deiodinase enzymes, thyroid hormone receptors and thyroid hormone transporters.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- The hourglass of high acuity vision: Cone plasticity at the intersection of time and space shapes the foveola.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- DIO3 coordinates photoreceptor development timing and fate stability in human retinal organoids.Genes & development · 2026Article
- Thyroid hormone signaling in ocular development and diseases.Biological research · 2025Review
- Differentiation versus dysfunction: thyroid hormone, deiodinases and retinal photoreceptors.European thyroid journal · 2025Review
- Enhanced Transcriptional Activation in Developing Mouse Photoreceptors.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Induction of a Müller Glial Cell-Specific Protective Pathway Safeguards the Retina From Diabetes-Induced Damage.Diabetes · 2025Article
- Article
- Cross-species applicability of an adverse outcome pathway network for thyroid hormone system disruption.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2023Review
- Article
- Noncoding Mutations in a Thyroid Hormone Receptor Gene That Impair Cone Photoreceptor Function.Endocrinology · 2023Article
- The evolutionary history and spectral tuning of vertebrate visual opsins.Developmental biology · 2023Review
- Light-induced asymmetries in embryonic retinal gene expression are mediated by the vascular system and extracellular matrix.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Deficiency of thyroid hormone receptor protects retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors from cell death in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration.Cell death & disease · 2022Article
- Patterning and Development of Photoreceptors in the Human Retina.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Review
- Evidence of regional specializations in regenerated zebrafish retina.Experimental eye research · 2021Review
- Cis-regulatory dissection of cone development reveals a broad role for Otx2 and Oc transcription factors.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2021Article
- Thyroid hormone signaling specifies cone photoreceptor subtypes during eye development: Insights from model organisms and human stem cell-derived retinal organoids.Vitamins and hormones · 2021Article
- Thyroid Activating Enzyme, Deiodinase II Is Required for Photoreceptor Function in the Mouse Model of Retinopathy of Prematurity.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThyroid hormone (TH) is an important developmental regulator in many tissues, including the retina. TH is activated locally via deiodinase 2 (Dio2), and it is destroyed by deiodinase 3 (Dio3). The TH receptors, TRa and TRb, mediate TH activity through hormone and DNA binding, and interactions with transcription regulators.
resultsIn the current work, the expression of these TH components was examined in the chick retina over time. Three waves of expression were characterized and found to be correlated with critical developmental events. The first wave occurred as progenitor cells began to make photoreceptors, the second as some cell types adopted a more mature location and differentiation state, and the third as Müller glia were generated. The cell types expressing the components, as well as the kinetics of expression within the cell cycle, were defined. TRb expression initiated during G2 in progenitor cells, concomitant with NeuroD and Otx2, which are expressed in early photoreceptor cells. TRb was expressed in photoreceptor cells for several days and then was reduced in expression level, as the expression of Crx, a later photoreceptor gene, became more evident. Dio3 was expressed throughout the cell cycle in progenitor cells. TRa was in most, if not all, retinal cells. Dio2 appeared transiently in a ventral (high) to dorsal gradient, likely in a subset of photoreceptor cells.
conclusionMultiple TH components were expressed in dynamic patterns in cycling progenitor cells and photoreceptors cells across the developing chick retina. These dynamic patterns suggest that TH is playing several roles in retinal development, both within the cycling progenitor cells and possibly with respect to the timing of differentiation of photoreceptor cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.