ReviewNeurology2008
Update on blepharospasm: report from the BEBRF International Workshop.
Review in Neurology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Therapeutic Applications of Botulinum Neurotoxin for Autonomic Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: An Updated Review.Toxins · 2021Pooled it
- Secondary blepharospasm associated with structural lesions of the brain.Journal of the neurological sciences · 2013Pooled it
- Sustained efficacy and safety of repeated incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin(®)) injections in blepharospasm.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2013Trial
- Long-term depression-like plasticity of the blink reflex for the treatment of blepharospasm.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2013Trial
- Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation modulates blepharospasm: a randomized controlled study.Neurology · 2010Trial
- Blepharospasm and the modulation of cortical excitability in primary and secondary motor areas.Neurology · 2009Trial
- Vestibular Paroxysmia Coexisting With Meige Syndrome: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Delayed Presentation of Diencephalic-Mesencephalic Junction Dysplasia With Compulsive Truncal Movements and Blepharospasm: A Case Report From India.Journal of movement disorders · 2026Article
- Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP): An Orthoptic Assessment.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2026Review
- Article
- Blepharospasm Patients after Botulinum Toxin - Sleep Approach.Sleep science (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2023Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxin Type a Injection Combined with Absorbable Punctal Plug Insertion: An Effective Therapy for Blepharospasm Patients with Dry Eye.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- The effect on blink frequency of a selective blue-filtering photochromic lens in patients with benign essential blepharospasm.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Functional connectivity alterations in the frontoparietal network and sensorimotor network are associated with behavioral heterogeneity in blepharospasm.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Profile of patients with essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm in the two largest ophthalmology reference centers in Brazil.Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia · 2023Article
- Elucidation of the mechanism underlying impaired sensorimotor gating in patients with primary blepharospasm using prepulse inhibition.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Video analysis of patients with blepharospasm and lower face dystonias.Dystonia (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The pathogenesis of blepharospasm.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- Outcome of pallidal deep brain stimulation for treating isolated orofacial dystonia.Acta neurochirurgica · 2022Article
- Reflexive Eye Closure in Response to Cone and Melanopsin Stimulation: A Study of Implicit Measures of Light Sensitivity in Migraine.Neurology · 2021Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This review updates understanding and research on blepharospasm, a subtype of focal dystonia. Topics covered include clinical aspects, pathology, pathophysiology, animal models, dry eye, photophobia, epidemiology, genetics, and treatment. Blepharospasm should be differentiated from apraxia of eyelid opening. New insights into pathology and pathophysiology are derived from different types of imaging, including magnetic resonance studies. Physiologic studies indicate increased plasticity and trigeminal sensitization. While botulinum neurotoxin injections are the mainstay of therapy, other therapies are on the horizon.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.