ArticleArchives of internal medicine2008
The effect of smoking in midlife on health-related quality of life in old age: a 26-year prospective study.
Article in Archives of internal medicine, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Outcomes of the Smoker's Health Project: a pragmatic comparative effectiveness trial of tobacco-dependence interventions based on self-determination theory.Health education research · 2016Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of intensive tobacco dependence intervention based on self-determination theory.The American journal of managed care · 2011Trial
- The smoker's health project: a self-determination theory intervention to facilitate maintenance of tobacco abstinence.Contemporary clinical trials · 2011Trial
- Health-related quality of life among adults with chronic diseases: a linked, retrospective cohort study using the EQ-5D-5L in Queensland, Australia.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Association between use of combustible cigarettes and noncombustible nicotine or tobacco products and health-related quality of life in Korean men: a nationwide population-based study.Korean journal of family medicine · 2025Article
- From pandemic to endemic: assessing the impact of COVID-19 history and socio-demographic factors on quality of life in tuberculosis patients.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- The trajectory of smoking cessation after treatment and its related factors in Taiwan.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Smoking is Associated With Impaired Long-term Quality of Life in Elderly People: A 22-year Cohort Study in NIPPON-DATA 90.Journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Association between weight gain following smoking cessation and development of hypertension in the future.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Dietary supplementation with a wild green oat extract (Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Men's Smoking Trajectories and Health-Related Quality of Life in the Whole Family: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.Iranian journal of public health · 2023Article
- Association of lifestyle behaviors with health-related quality of life among patients with hematologic diseases.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2023Article
- Health Literacy, Health Behaviors, and Body Mass Index Impacts on Quality of Life: Cross-Sectional Study of University Students in Surabaya, Indonesia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Weight Gain After Smoking Cessation and Risk of Major Chronic Diseases and Mortality.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Potential impact of reduced tobacco use on life and health expectancies in Belgium.International journal of public health · 2020Article
- Major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in midlife and extreme longevity.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2020Article
- Racial and Income Disparities in Health-Related Quality of Life among Smokers with a Quit Attempt in Louisiana.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2019Article
- Midlife predictors of active and healthy aging (AHA) among older businessmen.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2019Article
- Metabolic factors that affect health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetes patients: a multivariate regression analysis.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSmoking shortens life expectancy by 7 to 10 years. However, it is unclear whether the enhanced longevity of nonsmokers produces increased disability and decreased quality of life during these extra final years. This study evaluates the long-term effect of smoking in midlife on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in old age.
methodsProspective cohort study with a 26-year follow-up of 1658 white men (born 1919-1934) of similar socioeconomic status who were participating in the Helsinki Businessmen Study. All men were healthy at baseline in 1974, when cardiovascular risk factors and smoking habits were assessed. The participants were reevaluated with the use of mailed questionnaires in 2000; HRQoL was measured with the use of the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (similar to the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey) and related to the baseline smoking status. Total mortality through 2000 was determined from Finnish national registers.
resultsParticipants who had never smoked (n = 614) lived a mean of 10 years longer than heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes daily; n = 188). Among survivors in 2000 (n = 1131), the never-smokers had the highest (ie, best) scores on all RAND 36-Item Health Survey scales. The differences were greatest between never-smokers and heavy smokers, ranging from 4 points on the scale of social functioning to 14 points on the physical functioning scale. The physical component summary score showed a graded deterioration of HRQoL with an increasing number of cigarettes smoked daily (P = .01).
conclusionsDuring the 26-year follow-up of this socioeconomically homogeneous male cohort, HRQoL deteriorated with an increase in daily cigarettes smoked in a dose-dependent manner. Never-smokers lived longer than heavy smokers, and their extra years were of better quality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.