ArticleBirth (Berkeley, Calif.)2008
Breastfeeding and smoking among low-income women: results of a longitudinal qualitative study.
Article in Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy: Nicotine metabolites in maternal urine and breast milk as biomarkers of infant birth weight and length, a cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Mediation of the effect of prenatal maternal smoking on time to natural menopause in daughters by birthweight-for-gestational-age z-score and breastfeeding duration: analysis of two UK birth cohorts born in 1958 and 1970.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Reciprocal Associations Between Maternal Smoking Cessation and Breastfeeding.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2022Article
- Cigarette smoking during breastfeeding in Papua New Guinea: Prevalence and demographic and socio-economic predictors.PloS one · 2022Article
- Association of prenatal medical risk with breastfeeding outcomes up to 12 months in the All Our Families community-based birth cohort.International breastfeeding journal · 2021Article
- Safety of Electronic Cigarette Use During Breastfeeding: Qualitative Study Using Online Forum Discussions.Journal of medical Internet research · 2019Article
- Comparison of national cross-sectional breast-feeding surveys by maternal education in Europe (2006-2016).Public health nutrition · 2019Article
- Prospective associations of breastfeeding and smoking cessation among low-income pregnant women.Maternal & child nutrition · 2018Article
- Determinants of dietary practices during pregnancy: A longitudinal qualitative study in Niger.Maternal & child nutrition · 2018Article
- Predictors of breastfeeding duration in a predominantly Māori population in New Zealand.BMC pediatrics · 2018Article
- Infant feeding decisions and behaviours among low-income smoke-exposed women: timing and change during pregnancy.Public health nutrition · 2017Article
- The Influence of Smoking on Breast feeding Among Women Who Quit Smoking During Pregnancy.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2017Article
- Breastfeeding and Methadone Therapy: The Maternal Experience.Substance abuse · 2015Article
- Outcomes and factors associated with breastfeeding for <8 weeks among preterm infants: findings from 6 states and NYC, 2004-2007.Maternal and child health journal · 2013Article
- Prevalence and predictors of early breastfeeding among late preterm mother-infant dyads.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2013Article
- Longer previous smoking abstinence relates to successful breastfeeding initiation among underserved smokers.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2011Article
- Nutritional requirements during lactation. Towards European alignment of reference values: the EURRECA network.Maternal & child nutrition · 2010Review
- Maternal smoking and alcohol use in association with breastfeeding initiation, duration, and infant health - a scoping review.Women's health (London, England)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe benefits of breastfeeding for infants and mothers have been well established, yet rates of breastfeeding remain well below national recommendations in the United States and even lower for women who smoke during pregnancy. Primary goals of this study were to explore contextual factors that contribute to breastfeeding intentions and behavior and to examine how smoking status affected women's decision making about breastfeeding.
methodsThis paper is based on a longitudinal qualitative study of smoking, pregnancy, and breastfeeding among 44 low-income women in the southwest U.S. who smoked during pregnancy. Each woman was interviewed 9 times; 6 times during pregnancy and 3 times postpartum using semistructured questionnaires. Interviews lasted 1 to 3 hours and were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed.
resultsDespite 36 (82%) respondents stating that they intended to breastfeed for an average duration of 8 months, rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration were much lower than intentions. By 6 months postpartum, only two women were breastfeeding exclusively.
conclusionsWomen perceived that a strong risk of harming the baby was posed by smoking while breastfeeding and received little encouragement to continue breastfeeding despite an inability to stop smoking. The perceptions of the toxic, addictive, and harmful effects of smoking on breastmilk constitution and quantity factored into reasons why women weaned their infants from breastfeeding much earlier than the recommended 6 months. The results indicate a need for more consistency and routine in educating women on the relationship between smoking and breastfeeding and in promoting breastfeeding in spite of smoking postpartum.
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