ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2008
Gla-rich protein (GRP), a new vitamin K-dependent protein identified from sturgeon cartilage and highly conserved in vertebrates.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- GGCX-Associated Phenotypes: An Overview in Search of Genotype-Phenotype Correlations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Pooled it
- Article
- Factors associated with Gla-rich protein serum concentrations in healthy adults.Biochemia medica · 2026Observational
- Gla-Rich Protein (GRP): A Vitamin K-Dependent Regulator of Vascular Calcification, Inflammation, and Mineral Homeostasis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Gla-Rich Protein Across the Chronic Kidney Disease Spectrum: Association with Vascular Calcification Burden and CKD-MBD Disturbances.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Structural insight into bicarbonate-mediated carboxylation by human vitamin K-dependent carboxylase.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Vitamin K Properties in Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease: A Janus Bifrons in Protection and Prevention.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Associations of Gla-rich protein and interleukin-1β with coronary artery calcification risk in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Gla-Rich Protein Is Associated with Vascular Calcification, Inflammation, and Mineral Markers in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Effects of the Interaction between Dietary Vitamin DAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Two Members of Vitamin-K-Dependent Proteins, Gla-Rich Protein (GRP) and Matrix Gla Protein (MGP), as Possible New Players in the Molecular Mechanism of Osteoarthritis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Metabolomics in sturgeon research: a mini-review.Fish physiology and biochemistry · 2024Review
- Extrahepatic Vitamin K-Dependent Gla-Proteins-Potential Cardiometabolic Biomarkers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Roles of vitamin K‑dependent protein in biomineralization (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2024Review
- First Comparative Evaluation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Vitamin-K-Dependent Proteins Levels in Mother-Newborn Pairs at Birth.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Zebrafish Models to Study Ectopic Calcification and Calcium-Associated Pathologies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Review
- Nanoencapsulation of Gla-Rich Protein (GRP) as a Novel Approach to Target Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Vitamin K - sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity.Nutrition reviews · 2022Review
- The Role of GRP and MGP in the Development of Non-Hemorrhagic VKCFD1 Phenotypes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We report the isolation of a novel vitamin K-dependent protein from the calcified cartilage of Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser nacarii). This 10.2-kDa secreted protein contains 16 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues in its 74-residue sequence, the highest Gla percent of any known protein, and we have therefore termed it Gla-rich protein (GRP). GRP has a high charge density (36 negative+16 positive=20 net negative) yet is insoluble at neutral pH. GRP has orthologs in all taxonomic groups of vertebrates, and a paralog (GRP2) in bony fish; no GRP homolog was found in invertebrates. There is no significant sequence homology between GRP and the Gla-containing region of any presently known vitamin K-dependent protein. Forty-seven GRP sequences were obtained by a combination of cDNA cloning and comparative genomics: all 47 have a propeptide that contains a gamma-carboxylase recognition site and a mature protein with 14 highly conserved Glu residues, each of them being gamma-carboxylated in sturgeon. The protein sequence of GRP is also highly conserved, with 78% identity between sturgeon and human GRP. Analysis of the corresponding gene structures suggests a highly constrained organization, particularly for exon 4, which encodes the core Gla domain. GRP mRNA is found in virtually all rat and sturgeon tissues examined, with the highest expression in cartilage. Cells expressing GRP include chondrocytes, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. Because of its potential to bind calcium through Gla residues, we suggest that GRP may regulate calcium in the extracellular environment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.