ReviewBrain research reviews2009
Toll-like receptors in neurodegeneration.
Review in Brain research reviews, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 211 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
211 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 427 citations in OpenAlex.
- The usefulness of immunotherapy in pediatric neurodegenerative disorders: A systematic review of literature data.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2015Pooled it
- Cerebellar Cortical Neurogenesis following Exposure to Lipopolysaccharide in Ferret Neonates.Developmental neuroscience · 2026Article
- PROTAC-mediated multi-target protein degradation in Alzheimer's disease: mechanistic insights, therapeutic applications, and translational challenges.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Modulation of immune responses by opioids through toll-like and P2X receptor signaling in COVID-19.Purinergic signalling · 2026Review
- TLR4/NF-κB-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory and Cognitive Protective Actions ofJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Deregulated mRNA and microRNA Expression Patterns in the Prefrontal Cortex of the BTBR Mouse Model of Autism.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
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- Minocycline inhibits rosacea-like inflammation through the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro.PloS one · 2025Article
- An exploratory analysis of bezisterim treatment associated with decreased biological age acceleration, and improved clinical measure and biomarker changes in mild-to-moderate probable Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Novel Inhibitory Actions of Neuroactive Steroid [3α,5α]-3-Hydroxypregnan-20-One on Toll-like Receptor 4-Dependent Neuroimmune Signaling.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- 25-hydroxycholesterol promotes brain cytokine production and leukocyte infiltration in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Stage-specific expression of Toll-like receptors in the seminiferous epithelium of mouse testis.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2024Article
- Inflammaging and Brain Aging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Neuroactive Steroids, Toll-like Receptors, and Neuroimmune Regulation: Insights into Their Impact on Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Immune receptors and aging brain.Bioscience reports · 2024Review
- Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Therapeutics and Beyond.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Article
- Blocking Palmitoylation of Apelin Receptor Alleviates Morphine Tolerance in Neuropathic Cancer Pain.International journal of biological sciences · 2024Article
- Adolescent alcohol drinking interaction with the gut microbiome: implications for adult alcohol use disorder.Advances in drug and alcohol research · 2024Article
- Regulation of cellular senescence by innate immunity.Biophysics reports · 2023Article
151 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The key roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs) as mediators of the detection and responses of immune cells to invading pathogens are well known. There are at least 13 mammalian TLRs which are integral membrane proteins with a leucine-rich extracellular domain and a cytoplasmic domain similar to that of the interleukin-1 receptor which initiates downstream signaling through kinases to activate transcription factors such as AP-1 and NFkappaB. TLRs are activated in glial cells (microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) and lymphocytes that infiltrate the nervous system in response to inflammation caused by infectious agents, tissue injury or autoimmune conditions. By inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in immune cells, TLRs may indirectly damage neurons in conditions such as ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis. Recent findings suggest that neurons also express a subset of TLRs and that their activation promotes neuronal degeneration in experimental models of stroke and Alzheimer's disease. TLRs may also play roles in regulating the processes of neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth, suggesting roles in neuronal plasticity. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of TLRs in the normal and diseased nervous system, may lead to novel approaches for preventing neuronal degeneration and promoting recovery of function in an array of neurodegenerative conditions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.