ReviewNeuropsychology review2008
Methodological challenges in causal research on racial and ethnic patterns of cognitive trajectories: measurement, selection, and bias.
Review in Neuropsychology review, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
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- External locus of control contributes to racial disparities in memory and reasoning training gains in ACTIVE.Psychology and aging · 2015Trial
- Differential benefits of memory training for minority older adults in the SeniorWISE study.The Gerontologist · 2010Trial
- Your brain doesn't look a day past 70! Cross-sectional associations with brain-predicted age in the cognitively-intact oldest-old.GeroScience · 2026Article
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- Racialized experience, biomarkers of lead exposure, and later-life cognition: a mediation analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Identifying confounders and estimating the causal effect of antenatal care on age-specific childhood vaccination.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Identification of confounders and estimating the causal effect of place of birth on age-specific childhood vaccination.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2024Article
- Adult Child Financial Disadvantage and the Cognitive Trajectories Among Older Parents in the United States.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- A Subtype Perspective on Cognitive Trajectories in Healthy Aging.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Associations between Rest-Activity Rhythms and Liver Function Tests: The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2014.Clocks & sleep · 2023Article
- Semantic item-level metrics relate to future memory decline beyond existing cognitive tests in older adults without dementia.Psychology and aging · 2023Article
- Instrumental activities of daily living trajectories and risk of mild cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults: results of the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey, 2002-2018.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Brain Aging Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Middle-Aged and Older Adults.JAMA neurology · 2023Article
- The effect of missing data and imputation on the detection of bias in cognitive testing using differential item functioning methods.BMC medical research methodology · 2022Article
- The long arm of childhood socioeconomic deprivation on mid- to later-life cognitive trajectories: A cross-cohort analysis.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Article
- Association between blood lead levels and hyperlipidemiais: Results from the NHANES (1999-2018).Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Quality and Location of the Surgical Episode Mediate a Large Proportion of Socioeconomic-Based Survival Disparities in Patients with Resected Stage I-III Colon Cancer.Annals of surgical oncology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Research focused on understanding how and why cognitive trajectories differ across racial and ethnic groups can be compromised by several possible methodological challenges. These difficulties are especially relevant in research on racial and ethnic disparities and neuropsychological outcomes because of the particular influence of selection and measurement in these contexts. In this article, we review the counterfactual framework for thinking about causal effects versus statistical associations. We emphasize that causal inferences are key to predicting the likely consequences of possible interventions, for example in clinical settings. We summarize a number of common biases that can obscure causal relationships, including confounding, measurement ceilings/floors, baseline adjustment bias, practice or retest effects, differential measurement error, conditioning on common effects in direct and indirect effects decompositions, and differential survival. For each, we describe how to recognize when such biases may be relevant and some possible analytic or design approaches to remediating these biases.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.