ArticleEndocrinology2009
Developmental and diurnal dynamics of Pax4 expression in the mammalian pineal gland: nocturnal down-regulation is mediated by adrenergic-cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate signaling.
Article in Endocrinology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Specific Knockdown of Gene Expression in the Mature Rat Pineal Gland: The Cone-Rod Homeodomain Transcription Factor Regulates Melatonin Synthesis In Vivo.Journal of pineal research · 2026Article
- Melatonin Supplementation in Alzheimer's disease: The Potential Role in Neurogenesis.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Pax4 in Health and Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Melatonin as a Harmonizing Factor of Circadian Rhythms, Neuronal Cell Cycle and Neurogenesis: Additional Arguments for Its Therapeutic Use in Alzheimer's Disease.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Review
- Genetic ablation of the Bsx homeodomain transcription factor in zebrafish: Impact on mature pineal gland morphology and circadian behavior.Journal of pineal research · 2022Article
- Profiling Temporal Changes of the Pineal Transcriptomes at Single Cell Level Upon Neonatal HIBD.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
- Surgical Techniques and Nuances for Superior Cervical Ganglionectomy and Decentralization in Rats.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Circadian regulation and molecular role of the Bsx homeobox gene in the adult pineal gland.Journal of pineal research · 2020Article
- The Lhx4 homeobox transcript in the rat pineal gland: Adrenergic regulation and impact on transcripts encoding melatonin-synthesizing enzymes.Journal of pineal research · 2020Article
- BMAL1 controls glucose uptake through paired-homeodomain transcription factor 4 in differentiated Caco-2 cells.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2019Article
- The origins of the circumventricular organs.Journal of anatomy · 2018Review
- Delayed Onset of Sleep in Adolescents With PAX6 Haploinsufficiency.Biological research for nursing · 2018Article
- Melatonin Synthesis: Acetylserotonin O-Methyltransferase (ASMT) Is Strongly Expressed in a Subpopulation of Pinealocytes in the Male Rat Pineal Gland.Endocrinology · 2016Article
- Pineal hypoplasia, reduced melatonin and sleep disturbance in patients with PAX6 haploinsufficiency.Journal of sleep research · 2016Article
- Cellular Basis of Pineal Gland Development: Emerging Role of Microglia as Phenotype Regulator.PloS one · 2016Article
- Noradrenaline upregulates T-type calcium channels in rat pinealocytes.The Journal of physiology · 2015Article
- The Lhx9 homeobox gene controls pineal gland development and prevents postnatal hydrocephalus.Brain structure & function · 2015Article
- Homeobox genes and melatonin synthesis: regulatory roles of the cone-rod homeobox transcription factor in the rodent pineal gland.BioMed research international · 2014Review
- Developmental and diurnal expression of the synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (Snap25) in the rat pineal gland.Neurochemical research · 2013Article
- Homeobox genes in the rodent pineal gland: roles in development and phenotype maintenance.Neurochemical research · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Pax4 is a homeobox gene that is known to be involved in embryonic development of the endocrine pancreas. In this tissue, Pax4 counters the effects of the related protein, Pax6. Pax6 is essential for development of the pineal gland. In this study we report that Pax4 is strongly expressed in the pineal gland and retina of the rat. Pineal Pax4 transcripts are low in the fetus and increase postnatally; Pax6 exhibits an inverse pattern of expression, being more strongly expressed in the fetus. In the adult the abundance of Pax4 mRNA exhibits a diurnal rhythm in the pineal gland with maximal levels occurring late during the light period. Sympathetic denervation of the pineal gland by superior cervical ganglionectomy prevents the nocturnal decrease in pineal Pax4 mRNA. At night the pineal gland is adrenergically stimulated by release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic innervation; here, we found that treatment with adrenergic agonists suppresses pineal Pax4 expression in vivo and in vitro. This suppression appears to be mediated by cAMP, a second messenger of norepinephrine in the pineal gland, based on the observation that treatment with a cAMP mimic reduces pineal Pax4 mRNA levels. These findings suggest that the nocturnal decrease in pineal Pax4 mRNA is controlled by the sympathetic neural pathway that controls pineal function acting via an adrenergic-cAMP mechanism. The daily changes in Pax4 expression may influence gene expression in the pineal gland.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.