ReviewAddiction biology2009
Norepinephrine and stimulant addiction.
Review in Addiction biology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of drugs that modify the circadian system's phase-shifting responses to light exposure.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Atomoxetine for amphetamine-type stimulant dependence during buprenorphine treatment: A randomized controlled trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2018Trial
- Carvedilol does not reduce cocaine use in methadone-maintained cocaine users.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2017Trial
- Evaluation of the dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH) inhibitor nepicastat in participants who meet criteria for cocaine use disorder.Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry · 2015Trial
- The alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist doxazosin for treatment of cocaine dependence: A pilot study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2013Trial
- Atomoxetine does not alter cocaine use in cocaine dependent individuals: double blind randomized trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2013Trial
- Acute modafinil exposure reduces daytime sleepiness in abstinent methamphetamine-dependent volunteers.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2012Trial
- Carvedilol inhibits the cardiostimulant and thermogenic effects of MDMA in humans.British journal of pharmacology · 2012Trial
- A double-blind, placebo-controlled assessment of the safety of potential interactions between intravenous cocaine, ethanol, and oral disulfiram.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2011Trial
- Paternal Cocaine Exposure and Its Testicular Legacy: Epigenetic, Physiological, and Intergenerational Consequences.Biology · 2025Review
- The psychostimulant drug, fenethylline (captagon): Health risks, addiction and the global impact of illicit trade.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Review
- Opioid quantification via microsampling techniques to assess opioid use in human laboratory studies.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Similarities and Differences in Neurobiology.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- The influence of drug class on reward in substance use disorders.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2024Review
- Article
- Dopaminergic modulation of sensitivity to immediate and delayed punishment during decision-making.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2024Article
- HIV-1 Tat and morphine interactions dynamically shift striatal monoamine levels and exploratory behaviors over time.Journal of neurochemistry · 2024Article
- Psychostimulants and social behaviors.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Genotype-by-diagnosis interaction influences self-control in human cocaine addiction.Translational psychiatry · 2023Article
- Therapeutics for Substance-Using Women: The Need to Elucidate Sex-Specific Targets for Better-Tailored Treatments.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2023Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
No pharmacotherapies are approved for stimulant use disorders, which are an important public health problem. Stimulants increase synaptic levels of the monoamines dopamine (DA), serotonin and norepinephrine (NE). Stimulant reward is attributable mostly to increased DA in the reward circuitry, although DA stimulation alone cannot explain the rewarding effects of stimulants. The noradrenergic system, which uses NE as the main chemical messenger, serves multiple brain functions including arousal, attention, mood, learning, memory and stress response. In pre-clinical models of addiction, NE is critically involved in mediating stimulant effects including sensitization, drug discrimination and reinstatement of drug seeking. In clinical studies, adrenergic blockers have shown promise as treatments for cocaine abuse and dependence, especially in patients experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms. Disulfiram, which blocks NE synthesis, increased the number of cocaine-negative urines in five randomized clinical trials. Lofexidine, an alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist, reduces the craving induced by stress and drug cues in drug users. In addition, the NE transporter (NET) inhibitor atomoxetine attenuates some of d-amphetamine's subjective and physiological effects in humans. These findings warrant further studies evaluating noradrenergic medications as treatments for stimulant addiction.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.