ArticleNature2008
Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes.
Article in Nature, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04841668 (Gut-Brain-axis), which is not on this map. Cited by 1,021 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Gut-Brain-axis: Targets for Improvement of Cognition in the Elderly
Who cites it
1,021 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 1,908 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between early-life (during pregnancy and after birth) antibiotic exposure and type 1 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Using Momentary Assessment and Machine Learning to Identify Barriers to Self-management in Type 1 Diabetes: Observational Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2022Trial
- Probiotic normalization of systemic inflammation in siblings of type 1 diabetes patients: an open-label pilot study.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Dietary and nutritional strategies for reducing disease risk associated with antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Maternal and infant gut microbiome.iMeta · 2026Review
- Murine and Humanized Mouse Models in Autoimmune Disease Research and Therapeutics Development.Biology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota promote early-life digestive function in songbirds.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The Role of Microbiota in Type 1 Diabetes: Insights into Dysbiosis and Immune Interactions.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Diseases: The Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics.Current microbiology · 2026Review
- The Gut-Pancreas Axis in Type 1 Diabetes: Emerging Insights into Microbiota and Immune Interactions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Intersecting Molecular Pathways in Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Mellitus: Emerging Roles of Inflammation and Therapeutics.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2026Review
- B cells enable autoreactive T cells to avoid suppression.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- MyD88 Deficiency Protects Mice From Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Influencing Both Dendritic Cells and T Cells.Immunology · 2026Article
- Intestinal Microbiota in Diabetes-Does the Pathomechanism and Diversity Depend on the Type of Diabetes and Coexisting Metabolic Disorders?Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Assessing the nutritional value and health risks of special low‑protein foods: narrative review.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Review
- Is the NOD mouse a good model for type 1 diabetes?Diabetologia · 2026Review
- From islet to blood: macrophage remodeling signatures for diagnosis and risk stratification in type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Human Gut Commensal Bacteroides fragilis Suppresses Mucin Production and Alters Microbiota Composition Resulting in Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes in Mice.Immunology · 2026Article
- Unveiling the gut connection: Exploring the link between microbiota and type 1 diabetes onset in pediatric patients.Biomedical reports · 2026Article
- Causal Relationships Between the Oral Microbiome and Autoimmune Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
961 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a debilitating autoimmune disease that results from T-cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells. Its incidence has increased during the past several decades in developed countries, suggesting that changes in the environment (including the human microbial environment) may influence disease pathogenesis. The incidence of spontaneous T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice can be affected by the microbial environment in the animal housing facility or by exposure to microbial stimuli, such as injection with mycobacteria or various microbial products. Here we show that specific pathogen-free NOD mice lacking MyD88 protein (an adaptor for multiple innate immune receptors that recognize microbial stimuli) do not develop T1D. The effect is dependent on commensal microbes because germ-free MyD88-negative NOD mice develop robust diabetes, whereas colonization of these germ-free MyD88-negative NOD mice with a defined microbial consortium (representing bacterial phyla normally present in human gut) attenuates T1D. We also find that MyD88 deficiency changes the composition of the distal gut microbiota, and that exposure to the microbiota of specific pathogen-free MyD88-negative NOD donors attenuates T1D in germ-free NOD recipients. Together, these findings indicate that interaction of the intestinal microbes with the innate immune system is a critical epigenetic factor modifying T1D predisposition.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.