ArticleThe Journal of general virology2008
Vaccinia virus protein C16 acts intracellularly to modulate the host response and promote virulence.
Article in The Journal of general virology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- A viral ORFeome library for systems-level genetic dissection of host-pathogen interactions.Cell · 2026Article
- Temporal expression classes and functions of vaccinia virus and mpox (monkeypox) virus genes.mBio · 2025Review
- Filamin B restricts vaccinia virus spread and is targeted by vaccinia virus protein C4.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Structural basis for the inactivation of cytosolic DNA sensing by the vaccinia virus.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Dysregulation of Cellular VRK1, BAF, and Innate Immune Signaling by the Vaccinia Virus B12 Pseudokinase.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 by replication-competent vaccinia viruses improves antitumor efficacy mediated by T cell responses.Molecular therapy oncolytics · 2021Article
- Nanopore sequencing and de novo assembly of a misidentified Camelpox vaccine reveals putative epigenetic modifications and alternate protein signal peptides.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Battle Royale: Innate Recognition of Poxviruses and Viral Immune Evasion.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- The Role of Ku70 as a Cytosolic DNA Sensor in Innate Immunity and Beyond.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is a restriction factor for replication of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) in human cells.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- Vaccinia Virus Activation and Antagonism of Cytosolic DNA Sensing.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- DNA-Sensing Antiviral Innate Immunity in Poxvirus Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- A poxvirus pseudokinase represses viral DNA replication via a pathway antagonized by its paralog kinase.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
- Article
- Virulent Poxviruses Inhibit DNA Sensing by Preventing STING Activation.Journal of virology · 2018Article
- Review
- Differential Innate Immune Signaling in Macrophages by Wild-Type Vaccinia Mature Virus and a Mutant Virus with a Deletion of the A26 Protein.Journal of virology · 2017Article
- Generation of an Attenuated Tiantan Vaccinia Virus Strain by Deletion of Multiple Genes.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
- The vaccinia virus K7 protein promotes histone methylation associated with heterochromatin formation.PloS one · 2017Article
- Multiple Bcl-2 family immunomodulators from vaccinia virus regulate MAPK/AP-1 activation.The Journal of general virology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The vaccinia virus (VACV) strain Western Reserve C16 protein has been characterized and its effects on virus replication and virulence have been determined. The C16L gene is present in the inverted terminal repeat and so is one of the few VACV genes that are diploid. The C16 protein is highly conserved between different VACV strains, and also in the orthopoxviruses variola virus, ectromelia virus, horsepox virus and cowpox virus. C16 is a 37.5 kDa protein, which is expressed early during infection and localizes to the cell nucleus and cytoplasm of infected and transfected cells. The loss of the C16L gene had no effect on virus growth kinetics but did reduce plaque size slightly. Furthermore, the virulence of a virus lacking C16L (vDeltaC16) was reduced in a murine intranasal model compared with control viruses and there were reduced virus titres from 4 days post-infection. In the absence of C16, the recruitment of inflammatory cells in the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage was increased early after infection (day 3) and more CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressed the CD69 activation marker. Conversely, late after infection with vDeltaC16 (day 10) there were fewer T cells remaining, indicating more rapid clearance of infection. Collectively, these data indicate that C16 diminishes the immune response and is an intracellular immunomodulator.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.