ArticleBreast cancer research and treatment2009
Antagonism of the prostaglandin E receptor EP4 inhibits metastasis and enhances NK function.
Article in Breast cancer research and treatment, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treatment of cancer-associated fibroblast-like cells with celecoxib enhances the anti-cancer T helper 1/Treg responses in breast cancer.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Immunoregulatory mechanisms of the arachidonic acid pathway in cancer.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- Unraveling the breast cancer tumor microenvironment: crucial factors influencing natural killer cell function and therapeutic strategies.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Regulations of Tumor Microenvironment by Prostaglandins.Cancers · 2023Review
- Breast cancer associated CD169Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Cyclooxygenase-2-Prostaglandin E2 pathway: A key player in tumor-associated immune cells.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Rise of the natural red pigment 'prodigiosin' as an immunomodulator in cancer.Cancer cell international · 2022Review
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- Prostaglandin Pathways: Opportunities for Cancer Prevention and Therapy.Cancer research · 2022Review
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- Glycophosphopeptical AM3 Food Supplement: A Potential Adjuvant in the Treatment and Vaccination of SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Review
- Review
- Role of the Cyclooxygenase Pathway in the Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cancer.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Review
- Prostaglandin E Receptor 4 Antagonist in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanisms of Action.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Eicosanoids in Cancer: Prostaglandin EFrontiers in pharmacology · 2020Review
- Genotoxic stress induces Sca-1-expressing metastatic mammary cancer cells.Molecular oncology · 2018Article
- Multiple drug resistance-associated protein (MRP4) exports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and contributes to metastasis in basal/triple negative breast cancer.Oncotarget · 2017Article
- Prostaglandin E2 produced following infection with Theiler's virus promotes the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease.PloS one · 2017Article
- Trial Watch-Small molecules targeting the immunological tumor microenvironment for cancer therapy.Oncoimmunology · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with aggressive breast cancers. The COX-2 product prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) acts through four G-protein-coupled receptors designated EP1-4. Malignant and immortalized normal mammary epithelial cell lines express all four EP. The EP4 antagonist AH23848 reduced the ability of tumor cells to colonize the lungs or to spontaneously metastasize from the mammary gland. EP4 gene silencing by shRNA also reduced the ability of mammary tumor cells to metastasize. Metastasis inhibition was lost in mice lacking either functional Natural Killer (NK) cells or interferon-gamma. EP4 antagonism inhibited MHC class I expression resulting in enhanced ability of NK cells to lyse mammary tumor target cells. These studies support the hypothesis that EP4 receptor antagonists reduce metastatic potential by facilitating NK-mediated tumor cell killing and that therapeutic targeting of EP4 may be an alternative approach to the use of COX inhibitors to limit metastatic disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.