ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2009
Opposite effects of glucagon and insulin on compensation for spectacle lenses in chicks.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Novel evidence for complement system activation in chick myopia and hyperopia models: a meta-analysis of transcriptome datasets.Scientific reports · 2017Pooled it
- Methylphenidate Inhibits the Development of Myopia by Altering Dopamine and Norepinephrine Reuptake.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Smartwatch-monitored physical activity and myopia in children: a 2-year prospective cohort study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Correlation analysis of myopia and dietary factors among primary and secondary school students in Shenyang, China.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Glucagon Increases Retinal Rod Bipolar Cell Inhibition Through a D1 Dopamine Receptor-Dependent Pathway That Is Altered After Lens-Defocus Treatment in Mice.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- The Role of Retinal Dysfunction in Myopia Development.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- Association between whole-grain intake and myopia in chinese children: a cross-sectional epidemiological study.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Article
- The choroid-sclera interface: An ultrastructural study.Heliyon · 2022Article
- The Role of GJD2(Cx36) in Refractive Error Development.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Review
- Association of Myopia With Risk of Incident Metabolic Syndrome: Findings From the UK Biobank Study Cohort of 91,591 Participants.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Functional integration of eye tissues and refractive eye development: Mechanisms and pathways.Experimental eye research · 2021Review
- Probability of myopia in children with high refined carbohydrates consumption in France.BMC ophthalmology · 2020Article
- Association ofPeerJ · 2020Article
- IMI - Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2019Review
- The Adenosine Receptor Antagonist, 7-Methylxanthine, Alters Emmetropizing Responses in Infant Macaques.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2018Article
- Altered Refractive Development in Mice With Reduced Levels of Retinal Dopamine.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2016Article
- The effect of intravitreal injection of vehicle solutions on form deprivation myopia in tree shrews.Experimental eye research · 2016Article
- Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) stimulates the proliferation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in avian and murine retinas.Molecular and cellular neurosciences · 2015Article
- The dynamic sclera: extracellular matrix remodeling in normal ocular growth and myopia development.Experimental eye research · 2015Review
- RPE and Choroid Mechanisms Underlying Ocular Growth and Myopia.Progress in molecular biology and translational science · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeChick eyes compensate for the defocus imposed by positive or negative spectacle lenses. Glucagon may signal the sign of defocus. Do insulin (or IGF-1) and glucagon act oppositely in controlling eye growth, as they do in metabolic pathways and in control of retinal neurogenesis?
methodsChicks, wearing lenses or diffusers or neither over both eyes, were injected with glucagon, a glucagon antagonist, insulin, or IGF-1 in one eye (saline in the other eye). Alternatively, chicks without lenses received insulin plus glucagon in one eye, and either glucagon or insulin in the fellow eye. Ocular dimensions, refractive errors, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis were measured over 2 to 4 days.
resultsGlucagon attenuated the myopic response to negative lenses or diffusers by slowing ocular elongation and thickening the choroid; in contrast, with positive lenses, it increased ocular elongation to normal levels and reduced choroidal thickening, as did a glucagon antagonist. Insulin prevented the hyperopic response to positive lenses by speeding ocular elongation and thinning the choroid. In eyes without lenses, both insulin and IGF-1 speeded, and glucagon slowed, ocular elongation, but glucagon and insulin each increased the rate of thickening of the crystalline lens. When injected together, insulin blocked choroidal thickening by glucagon, at a dose that did not, by itself, thin the choroid.
conclusionsGlucagon and insulin (or IGF-1) cause generally opposite modulations of eye growth, with glucagon mostly increasing choroidal thickness and insulin mostly increasing ocular elongation. These effects are mutually inhibitory and depend on the visual input.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.