ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2008
Diverse phage-encoded toxins in a protective insect endosymbiont.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers.
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Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 229 citations in OpenAlex.
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- From insect endosymbiont to phloem colonizer: comparative genomics unveils the lifestyle transition of phytopathogenicmSystems · 2025Article
- The ecology, evolution, and physiology of Cardinium: a widespread heritable endosymbiont of invertebrates.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Evolution of specialized toxin arsenals in a bacterial symbiont of arthropods.The ISME journal · 2025Article
- Dynamics of Insects and Their Facultative Defensive Endosymbiotic Bacteria: A Simulation Model.Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Microbial Symbiont-Based Detoxification of Different Phytotoxins and Synthetic Toxic Chemicals in Insect Pests and Pollinators.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Review
- Unconventional structure and mechanisms for membrane interaction and translocation of the NF-κB-targeting toxin AIP56.Nature communications · 2023Article
- The toxins of vertically transmittedFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Genome Evolution of a Symbiont Population for Pathogen Defense in Honeybees.Genome biology and evolution · 2022Article
- Do aphids in Dutch sweet pepper greenhouses carry heritable elements that protect them against biocontrol parasitoids?Evolutionary applications · 2022Article
- Symbiont-conferred immunity interacts with effects of parasitoid genotype and intraguild predation to affect aphid immunity in a clone-specific fashion.BMC ecology and evolution · 2022Article
- Diversity and function of arthropod endosymbiont toxins.Trends in microbiology · 2022Review
- Similar cost ofEcology and evolution · 2022Article
- Strong genotype-by-genotype interactions between aphid-defensive symbionts and parasitoids persist across different biotic environments.Journal of evolutionary biology · 2021Article
- Evolutionary genomics of APSE: a tailed phage that lysogenically converts the bacterium Hamiltonella defensa into a heritable protective symbiont of aphids.Virology journal · 2021Article
- Horizontal Transfer of Microbial Toxin Genes to Gall Midge Genomes.Genome biology and evolution · 2021Article
- Quantitative trait locus analysis of parasitoid counteradaptation to symbiont-conferred resistance.Heredity · 2021Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The lysogenic bacteriophage APSE infects "Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa," a facultative endosymbiont of aphids and other sap-feeding insects. This endosymbiont has established a beneficial association with aphids, increasing survivorship following attack by parasitoid wasps. Although APSE and "Ca. Hamiltonella defensa" are effectively maternally transmitted between aphid generations, they can also be horizontally transferred among insect hosts, which results in genetically distinct "Ca. Hamiltonella defensa" strains infecting the same aphid species and sporadic distributions of both APSE and "Ca. Hamiltonella defensa" among hosts. Aphids infected only with "Ca. Hamiltonella defensa" have significantly less protection than those infected with both "Ca. Hamiltonella defensa" and APSE. This protection has been proposed to be connected to eukaryote-targeted toxins previously discovered in the genomes of two characterized APSE strains. In this study, we have sequenced partial genomes from seven additional APSE strains to address the evolution and extent of toxin variation in this phage. The APSE lysis region has been a hot spot for nonhomologous recombination of novel virulence cassettes. We identified four new toxins from three protein families, Shiga-like toxin, cytolethal distending toxin, and YD-repeat toxins. These recombination events have also resulted in reassortment of the downstream lysozyme and holin genes. Analysis of the conserved APSE genes flanking the variable toxin cassettes reveals a close phylogenetic association with phage sequences from two other facultative endosymbionts of insects. Thus, phage may act as a conduit for ongoing gene exchange among heritable endosymbionts.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.