ArticleCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2008
Urinary lead exposure and breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study.
Article in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship Between Climate Change and Breast Cancer and Its Management and Preventative Implications in South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Blood levels of cadmium and lead in relation to breast cancer risk in three prospective cohorts.International journal of cancer · 2019Pooled it
- Post-GWAS gene-environment interplay in breast cancer: results from the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium and a meta-analysis on 79,000 women.Human molecular genetics · 2014Pooled it
- Lead and cancer: a narrative review and risk of bias assessment (2003-2020).Reviews on environmental health · 2026Review
- Assessing Lead Exposure by Biological Matrices Analysis and Links to Breast Cancer: A Critical Review of Experimental and Epidemiological Findings.European journal of breast health · 2025Article
- Causal relationship between blood metal levels and breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study in East Asian populations.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Urinary Concentrations of Endocrine-Disrupting Metals and Prevalent Breast Cancer in US Women.Biological trace element research · 2023Article
- Assessment of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) Blood Concentration on the Risk of Endometrial Cancer.Biology · 2023Article
- Metals and Breast Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study Using Toenail Biomarkers.American journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Effects of lead and cadmium on the immune system and cancer progression.Journal of environmental health science & engineering · 2020Review
- Elemental bioimaging shows mercury and other toxic metals in normal breast tissue and in breast cancers.PloS one · 2020Article
- Blood levels of endocrine-disrupting metals and prevalent breast cancer among US women.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2019Article
- Toenail-Based Metal Concentrations and Young-Onset Breast Cancer.American journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Toenail-Based Metal Concentrations and Young-Onset Breast Cancer.American journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Airborne metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to mammographic breast density.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2019Article
- Do Post-breast Cancer Diagnosis Toenail Trace Element Concentrations Reflect Prediagnostic Concentrations?Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2019Article
- Metallic Air Pollutants and Breast Cancer Risk in a Nationwide Cohort Study.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2019Article
- Chemical exposures in the workplace and breast cancer risk: A prospective cohort study.International journal of cancer · 2015Article
- Will Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer Provide Biological Samples for Research Purposes?PloS one · 2015Article
- Dietary cadmium exposure and risk of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer in the Women's Health Initiative.Environmental health perspectives · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLead is a toxic nonessential metal with widespread exposure starting in utero. Lead has been reclassified in 2004 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group from a "possible" to a "probable" human carcinogen. Lead may be a facilitative or permissive carcinogen, which means that lead may permit or augment the genotoxic effects of other exposures.
methodsThis population-based study in Wisconsin gathered survey data and home-collected urine specimens from 246 women, ages 20 to 69 years, with incident invasive breast cancer identified from the Wisconsin state registry and 254 age-matched control subjects from population lists from September 2004 to February 2005. We measured urinary lead concentrations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, adjusted the values by specific gravity, and conducted interviews by telephone to obtain information on known and suspected breast cancer risk factors.
resultsWomen in the highest quartile of specific gravity-adjusted lead level (>/=1.10 mug/L) had twice the breast cancer risk of those in the lowest quartile (<0.42 mug/L; odds ratio, 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.6) after adjustment for established risk factors. Excluding women who were currently taking nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors (n = 52), we did not observe any increased breast cancer risk after adjustment for established risk factors.
conclusionOur population-based case-control study suggests that lead exposure, as determined by specific gravity-adjusted urinary lead concentrations, is not associated with a significant increased risk for breast cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.