SynthesisInternational journal of colorectal disease2008
The effect of smoking after surgery for Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in International journal of colorectal disease, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01540942 (A Randomized, Controlled, Open-label Study to Investigate the Impact of Disease Activity and Nutrition Treat on Postoperative Recurrence and Complications After Bowel Resection for Crohn's Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 114 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized, Controlled, Open-label Study to Investigate the Impact of Disease Activity and Nutrition Treat on Postoperative Recurrence and Complications After Bowel Resection for Crohn's Disease
Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 281 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidence and predictors of surgical recurrence after primary ileocolic resection in Crohn ileitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for inflammatory bowel disease.Journal of gastroenterology · 2018Guideline
- Preoperative optimization of patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review.International journal of colorectal disease · 2017Pooled it
- Smoking influences the need for surgery in patients with the inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating disease duration.BMC gastroenterology · 2016Pooled it
- Defining quality indicators for best-practice management of inflammatory bowel disease in Canada.Canadian journal of gastroenterology & hepatology · 2014Guideline
- Comparing outcomes between side-to-side anastomosis and other anastomotic configurations after intestinal resection for patients with Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis.World journal of surgery · 2013Pooled it
- Postoperative therapy with infliximab for Crohn's disease: a 2-year prospective randomized multicenter study in Japan.Surgery today · 2018Trial
- Mercaptopurine versus placebo to prevent recurrence of Crohn's disease after surgical resection (TOPPIC): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2016Trial
- Comparison of the effectiveness of infliximab and adalimumab in preventing postoperative recurrence in patients with Crohn's disease: an open-label, pilot study.Techniques in coloproctology · 2014Trial
- Complications after end-to-end vs. side-to-side anastomosis in ileocecal Crohn's disease--early postoperative results from a randomized controlled multi-center trial (ISRCTN-45665492).Langenbeck's archives of surgery · 2013Trial
- Predictors of time to surgical recurrence after ileal or ileocolonic resection in Crohn's disease: role of integrin αvβ6 and development of a predictive nomogram.Updates in surgery · 2026Article
- Management of Crohn's Disease in Adult Patients: A Contemporary Surgical Perspective.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Risk factors for long-term surgical recurrence following ileocecal resection for Crohn's disease.Surgery today · 2026Article
- Incidence, risk factors and preventive strategies for post-operative recurrence of Crohn's disease: A retrospective propensity-matched cohort analysis.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Review
- Patients at high risk of postoperative complications in Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2026Review
- Lack of disparities in postoperative care after ileocecal resection in patients with Crohn's disease at tertiary inflammatory bowel diseases centers.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Optimizing Biologic Therapy for the Prevention of Post-Operative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Use of Intraoperative Ultrasonography of the Small Bowel to Reduce Histologically Positive Margins in Crohn's Disease Surgery: A Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The Impact of Postoperative Prophylactic Medication on Long-Term Surgical, Severe Endoscopic and Endoscopic or Radiologic Recurrence Following Primary Ileocecal Resection in Patients With Crohn's Disease.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2025Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of the study was to quantify the risk of disease recurrence associated with cigarette smoking for individuals with Crohn's disease after disease-modifying surgery.
designMeta-analysis of observational studies. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, Ovid and the Cochrane database. MATERIALS AND
methodsA literature search was performed to identify studies published between 1966 and 2007 comparing outcomes of smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers with Crohn's disease. Random-effect meta-analytical techniques were employed to assess the risk of medical or surgical recurrence.
resultsSixteen studies encompassing 2,962 patients including 1,425 non-smokers (48.1%), 1,393 smokers (47.0%) and 137 ex-smokers (4.6%) were included. Smokers had significantly higher clinical post-operative recurrence than non-smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 2.15; 95%CI = 1.42, 3.27; p < 0.001). Smokers were also more likely to experience surgical recurrence by 5 (OR = 1.06; 95%CI = 0.32; 3.53, p = 0.04) and 10 years of follow-up (OR = 2.56; 95%CI = 1.79, 3.67; p < 0.001) compared to non-smokers, although the crude re-operation rate was not statistically significant. When matched for operation and disease site, smokers had significantly higher re-operation rates to non-smokers (OR = 2.3; 95%CI = 1.29, 4.08; p = 0.005). There was no significant difference between ex-smokers and non-smokers in re-operation rate at 10 years (OR = 0.30; 95%CI = 0.09, 1.07; p = 0.10) or in post-operative acute relapses (OR = 1.54; 95%CI = 0.78, 3.02; p = 0.21).
conclusionsPatients with Crohn's disease who smoke have a 2.5-fold increased risk of surgical recurrence and a twofold risk of clinical recurrence compared to non-smokers. Patients with Crohn's disease should be encouraged to stop smoking since the risk of disease relapse is minimised upon its cessation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.