Trial reportPsychopharmacology2008
Lower serum cytokine levels in smokers than nonsmokers with chronic schizophrenia on long-term treatment with antipsychotics.
Trial report in Psychopharmacology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammation in first-episode psychosis: The contribution of inflammatory biomarkers to the emergence of negative symptoms, a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2022Pooled it
- Cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: New data and an updated meta-analysis.Schizophrenia research · 2018Pooled it
- Kinetics of Cytokine Levels during Antipsychotic Treatment in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2018Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects.Biological psychiatry · 2011Pooled it
- Autistic Traits in Schizophrenia: Immune Mechanisms and Inflammatory Biomarkers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Prevalence and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in inpatients with schizophrenia in Wuhan, China.World journal of psychiatry · 2022Article
- A Meta-Analysis of the Influence of Antipsychotics on Cytokines Levels in First Episode Psychosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Altered Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-1β in First-Episode Drug-Naive and Chronic Schizophrenia.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2018Article
- Smoking and Serum Lipid Profiles in Schizophrenia.Neuroscience bulletin · 2016Article
- Decreased serum TNF-alpha levels in chronic schizophrenia patients on long-term antipsychotics: correlation with psychopathology and cognition.Psychopharmacology · 2015Article
- Inflammation and schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2013Review
- Association of increased prenatal estrogen with risk factors for schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2011Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveSchizophrenia is associated with various abnormalities in the immune system. Suppression of inflammatory cytokines by cigarette smoke is well-established. The purpose of this study was to determine any differences in cytokine profiles in smokers and nonsmokers with schizophrenia and whether there were any relationships among altered cytokine profiles and psychopathological symptoms. MATERIALS AND
methodsSerum interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels were measured in 96 male inpatients with DSM-IV schizophrenia: 66 smokers and 30 nonsmokers. Symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).
resultsThe positive PANSS symptoms were lower in smokers than nonsmokers, while the negative symptoms were lower in those who smoked more cigarettes. Cytokine levels were positively correlated: IL-2 level with IL-6 and IL-6 with both IL-8 and TNF-alpha. Both IL-2 and IL-6, but not IL-8 or TNF-alpha, were significantly lower in smokers than nonsmokers (p < 0.002; p < 0.01). Lower IL-2 levels correlated with fewer negative symptoms and with smoking more cigarettes.
conclusionsThe fewer positive symptoms in smokers and fewer negative symptoms in those who smoked more cigarettes may be associated with nicotine-induced suppression of some inflammatory cytokines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.