ReviewPsychopharmacology2009
Selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors: a promising target for cognition enhancement.
Review in Psychopharmacology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 264 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast on cognitive performance after a cerebrovascular accident: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial with an open label extension (ROSTMEMA).Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Trial
- Evaluation of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of BI 409306, a Novel Phosphodiesterase 9 Inhibitor, in Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Trial.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2019Trial
- Evaluation of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of orally administered BI 409306, a novel phosphodiesterase type 9 inhibitor, in two randomised controlled phase II studies in patients with prodromal and mild Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2019Trial
- Acute administration of roflumilast enhances sensory gating in healthy young humans in a randomized trial.Psychopharmacology · 2018Trial
- Sildenafil adjunctive therapy to risperidone in the treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial.Psychopharmacology · 2011Trial
- Live-cell imaging reveals decreased cAMP in a PFE-associated c.1050-3C>G PTH1R cell model.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- The Emerging Role of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in Fragile X Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- PDE Inhibitors and Autophagy Regulators Modulate CRE-Dependent Luciferase Activity in Neuronal Cells from the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A novel phosphodiesterase target as a therapeutic approach: inhibiting DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma progression.EXCLI journal · 2025Review
- The Emerging Role of Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibition in Neurological Disorders: The State of the Art.Cells · 2024Review
- Deciphering the Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α and Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Targets in Alzheimer's Disease.CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- A Review of Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants as a Novel Source of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Future Perspective of New Challenges Against Diabetes Mellitus.Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates)) · 2024Review
- Infection promotes Ser-214 phosphorylation important for generation of cytotoxic tau variants.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2023Article
- Stress resilience-enhancing drugs preserve tissue structure and function in degenerating retina via phosphodiesterase inhibition.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Advances in Alzheimer's disease's pharmacological treatment.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitor, Cilostazol, improved memory impairment in aluminum chloride-treated rats: modulation of cAMP/CREB pathway.Inflammopharmacology · 2022Article
- Non-Selective PDE4 Inhibition Induces a Rapid and Transient Decrease of Serum Potassium in Mice.Biology · 2022Article
- Reversal of spatial memory impairment by phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor cilostazol is associated with reduced neuroinflammation and increased cerebral glucose uptake in aged male mice.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Article
- Progress in mechanistically novel treatments for schizophrenia.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2021Review
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
rationaleOne of the major complaints most people face during aging is an impairment in cognitive functioning. This has a negative impact on the quality of daily life and is even more prominent in patients suffering from neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and depression. So far, the majority of cognition enhancers are generally targeting one particular neurotransmitter system. However, recently phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have gained increased attention as a potential new target for cognition enhancement. Inhibition of PDEs increases the intracellular availability of the second messengers cGMP and/or cAMP.
objectiveThe aim of this review was to provide an overview of the effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE-Is) on cognition, the possible underlying mechanisms, and the relationship to current theories about memory formation. MATERIALS AND
methodsStudies of the effects of inhibitors of different PDE families (2, 4, 5, 9, and 10) on cognition were reviewed. In addition, studies related to PDE-Is and blood flow, emotional arousal, and long-term potentiation (LTP) were described.
resultsPDE-Is have a positive effect on several aspects of cognition, including information processing, attention, memory, and executive functioning. At present, these data are likely to be explained in terms of an LTP-related mechanism of action.
conclusionPDE-Is are a promising target for cognition enhancement; the most suitable candidates appear to be PDE2-Is or PDE9-Is. The future for PDE-Is as cognition enhancers lies in the development of isoform-specific PDE-Is that have limited aversive side effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.