ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2008
RamA confers multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica via increased expression of acrB, which is inhibited by chlorpromazine.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Carvacrol Modulates Tetracycline Susceptibility and Resistance Gene Expression in Multidrug-ResistantAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Plasmid-borne transcriptional regulator RamAp modulatesFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Antibiotic-induced stress responses in Gram-negative bacteria and their role in antibiotic resistance.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Review
- Phenothiazines enhance antibacterial activity of macrophage by inducing ROS and autophagy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Bacterial Efflux Pump Inhibitors Reduce Antibiotic Resistance.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- The Mar, Sox, and Rob Systems.EcoSal Plus · 2023Review
- Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Phytochemicals against Common Foodborne Pathogens and Potential for Selection of Resistance.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Consistency across multi-omics layers in a drug-perturbed gut microbial community.Molecular systems biology · 2023Article
- Mapping direct and indirect MarA/SoxS/Rob/RamA regulons inMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2023Article
- Repurposing Antidepressants and Phenothiazine Antipsychotics as Efflux Pump Inhibitors in Cancer and Infectious Diseases.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The culmination of multidrug-resistant efflux pumps vs. meager antibiotic arsenal era: Urgent need for an improved new generation of EPIs.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- EnvR is a potent repressor of acrAB transcription in Salmonella.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Review
- Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Contribution of the efflux pump AcrAB-TolC to the tolerance of chlorhexidine and other biocides inJournal of medical microbiology · 2022Article
- Critical discussion on drug efflux in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2022Review
- Co-Lateral Effect of Octenidine, Chlorhexidine and Colistin Selective Pressures on Four Enterobacterial Species: A Comparative Genomic Analysis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Structure, Assembly, and Function of Tripartite Efflux and Type 1 Secretion Systems in Gram-Negative Bacteria.Chemical reviews · 2021Review
- A palette of fluorophores that are differentially accumulated by wild-type and mutant strains ofMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2021Article
- Targeting bioenergetics is key to counteracting the drug-tolerant state of biofilm-grown bacteria.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344, in which efflux pump genes (acrB, acrD, acrF, tolC) or regulatory genes thereof (marA, soxS, ramA) were inactivated, was grown in the presence of 240 antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial agents in the Biolog Phenotype MicroArray. Mutants lacking tolC, acrB, and ramA grew significantly worse than other mutants in the presence of 48 agents (some of which have not previously been identified as substrates of AcrAB-TolC) and particularly poorly in the presence of phenothiazines, which are human antipsychotics. MIC testing revealed that the phenothiazine chlorpromazine had antimicrobial activity and synergized with common antibiotics against different Salmonella serovars and SL1344. Chlorpromazine increased the intracellular accumulation of ethidium bromide, which was ablated in mutants lacking acrB, suggesting an interaction with AcrB. High-level but not low-level overexpression of ramA increased the expression of acrB; conferred resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and triclosan and organic solvent tolerance; and increased the amount of ethidium bromide accumulated. Chlorpromazine induced the modest overproduction of ramA but repressed acrB. These data suggest that phenothiazines are not efflux pump inhibitors but influence gene expression, including that of acrB, which confers the synergy with antimicrobials observed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.