ReviewThe American journal of pathology2008
Sex differences in autoimmune disease from a pathological perspective.
Review in The American journal of pathology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 289 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
289 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 615 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serum autoantibodyome reveals that healthy individuals share common autoantibodies.Cell reports · 2022Pooled it
- Antidepressant activity of anti-cytokine treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of chronic inflammatory conditions.Molecular psychiatry · 2018Pooled it
- The Importance of Sex Stratification in Autoimmune Disease Biomarker Research: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Pooled it
- Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of NXC736, a novel sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Trial
- Multipeptide vaccines for melanoma in the adjuvant setting: long-term survival outcomes and post-hoc analysis of a randomized phase II trial.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Sex-related differences in markers of immune activation in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients.Biology of sex differences · 2020Trial
- Sex-Biased Immunity: The Hidden Variable in Immuno-oncology.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Review
- Comprehensive preclinical evaluation of second-generation miRNA-regulated Coxsackievirus B3-BHP: Potent antitumor efficacy and safety.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Association of 9-Valent HPV Vaccination with Risk of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Sex-Stratified Real-World Study.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Anti-CD20 Therapies in Pediatric Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes: Evidence Across MS, AQP4-IgG-Positive NMOSD and MOGAD.CNS drugs · 2026Review
- Article
- Autoimmune diseases and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based cohort study of five million pregnancies in the UK.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Importance of integrating biological sex and age analyses in health research.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Sexually distinct multi-omic responses to progressive endurance exercise training in the rat lung.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Women and Myasthenia Gravis.Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · 2026Article
- Association of Urine Heavy Metals with Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes and Poor Glycaemic Control.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- RNA origin of sex-biased immunity.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Sex hormones and gender differences in immune responses and anticancer immunity: a comprehensive review.Biologia futura · 2026Review
- Sex-Specific Factors Influencing HIV Infection.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Cancer Immunotherapy-Clinical Evidence and Mechanisms With a Focus on NSCLC.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
229 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect approximately 8% of the population, 78% of whom are women. The reason for the high prevalence in women is unclear. Women are known to respond to infection, vaccination, and trauma with increased antibody production and a more T helper (Th)2-predominant immune response, whereas a Th1 response and inflammation are usually more severe in men. This review discusses the distribution of autoimmune diseases based on sex and age, showing that autoimmune diseases progress from an acute pathology associated with an inflammatory immune response to a chronic pathology associated with fibrosis in both sexes. Autoimmune diseases that are more prevalent in males usually manifest clinically before age 50 and are characterized by acute inflammation, the appearance of autoantibodies, and a proinflammatory Th1 immune response. In contrast, female-predominant autoimmune diseases that manifest during the acute phase, such as Graves' disease and systemic lupus erythematosus, are diseases with a known antibody-mediated pathology. Autoimmune diseases with an increased incidence in females that appear clinically past age 50 are associated with a chronic, fibrotic Th2-mediated pathology. Th17 responses increase neutrophil inflammation and chronic fibrosis. This distinction between acute and chronic pathology has primarily been overlooked, but greatly impacts our understanding of sex differences in autoimmune disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.