ArticleInfection and immunity2008
Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry discharge correlates with activation of the early growth response 2 host cell transcription factor.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Kiss and spit metabolomics highlight the role of host purine metabolism during pathogen infection.mSphere · 2026Article
- Dual single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing reveal transcriptional profiles underlying heterogenous host-parasite interactions in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The Toxoplasma oxygen-sensing protein, TgPhyA, is required for resistance to interferon gamma-mediated nutritional immunity in mice.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Effective factors in the pathogenesis ofHeliyon · 2024Review
- Overexpression of Eimeria tenella Rhoptry Kinase 2 Induces Early Production of Schizonts.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Metabolic changes to host cells withbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- ThemBio · 2021Article
- Overview of PoultryFrontiers in veterinary science · 2020Review
- The Activin Receptor, Activin-Like Kinase 4, MediatesFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
- Sustained Egr-1 Response via p38 MAP Kinase Signaling Modulates Early Immune Responses of Dendritic Cells Parasitized byFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
- Review
- The tandemly repeated NTPase (NTPDase) from Neospora caninum is a canonical dense granule protein whose RNA expression, protein secretion and phosphorylation coincides with the tachyzoite egress.Parasites & vectors · 2016Article
- Toxoplasma gondii Infections Alter GABAergic Synapses and Signaling in the Central Nervous System.mBio · 2015Article
- Article
- Lytic Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii: 15 Years Later.Annual review of microbiology · 2015Review
- Forward genetic screening identifies a small molecule that blocks Toxoplasma gondii growth by inhibiting both host- and parasite-encoded kinases.PLoS pathogens · 2014Article
- Differential induction of TLR3-dependent innate immune signaling by closely related parasite species.PloS one · 2014Article
- A Toxoplasma dense granule protein, GRA24, modulates the early immune response to infection by promoting a direct and sustained host p38 MAPK activation.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2013Article
- Genetic basis for phenotypic differences between different Toxoplasma gondii type I strains.BMC genomics · 2013Article
- Gene expression profiles in genetically different mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii: ALDH1A2, BEX2, EGR2, CCL3 and PLAU.The Korean journal of parasitology · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite that can cause severe disease in fetuses and immune-compromised patients. Rhoptries, micronemes, and dense granules, which are secretory organelles unique to Toxoplasma and other apicomplexan parasites, play critical roles in parasite growth and virulence. To understand how these organelles modulate infected host cells, we sought to identify host cell transcription factors triggered by their release. Early growth response 2 (EGR2) is a host cell transcription factor that is rapidly upregulated and activated in Toxoplasma-infected cells but not in cells infected with the closely related apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum. EGR2 upregulation occurred only when live parasites were in direct contact with the host cell and not from exposure to cell extracts that contain dense granule or micronemal proteins. When microneme-mediated attachment was blocked by pretreating parasites with a calcium chelator, EGR2 expression was significantly reduced. In contrast, when host cells were infected with parasites in the presence of cytochalasin D, which allows rhoptry secretion but prevents parasite invasion, EGR2 was activated. Finally, we demonstrate that Toxoplasma activation of host p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is necessary but not sufficient for EGR2 activation. Collectively, these data indicate that EGR2 is specifically upregulated by a parasite-derived secreted factor that is most likely a resident rhoptry protein.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.