ArticleInfection and immunity2008
Toll-like receptor 2 recognition of the microsporidia Encephalitozoon spp. induces nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and subsequent inflammatory responses.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- llluminating the live-cell dynamics of early interactions between neutrophils and the microsporidian parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- scRNA-seq uncovers the transcriptional dynamics of Encephalitozoon intestinalis parasites in human macrophages.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Single-cell transcriptional responses of T cells during microsporidia infection.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Phagocytosis Is the Sole Arm ofFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Against Microsporidia Infection in Mammals.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Review
- Increased phagocytosis and growth inhibition of Encephalitozoon cuniculi by LPS-activated J774A.1 murine macrophages.Parasitology research · 2019Article
- Imiquimod-induced apoptosis of melanoma cells is mediated by ER stress-dependent Noxa induction and enhanced by NF-κB inhibition.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2016Article
- Encephalitozoon intestinalis Inhibits Dendritic Cell Differentiation through an IL-6-Dependent Mechanism.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2016Article
- Reduced PICD in Monocytes Mounts Altered Neonate Immune Response to Candida albicans.PloS one · 2016Article
- Article
- Clostridium butyricum activates TLR2-mediated MyD88-independent signaling pathway in HT-29 cells.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2012Article
- Gastrointestinal cell mediated immunity and the microsporidia.PLoS pathogens · 2012Article
- Invasion and intracellular survival by protozoan parasites.Immunological reviews · 2011Review
- Article
- Optimal CD8 T-cell response against Encephalitozoon cuniculi is mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 upregulation by dendritic cells.Infection and immunity · 2010Article
- Cooperation of TLR2 with MyD88, PI3K, and Rac1 in lipoteichoic acid-induced cPLA2/COX-2-dependent airway inflammatory responses.The American journal of pathology · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that are ubiquitous in nature and have been recognized as causing an important emerging disease among immunocompromised individuals. Limited knowledge exists about the immune response against these organisms, and virtually nothing is known about the receptors involved in host recognition. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pattern recognition receptors that bind to specific molecules found on pathogens and signal a variety of inflammatory responses. In this study, we show that both Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis are preferentially recognized by TLR2 and not by TLR4 in primary human macrophages. This is the first demonstration of host receptor recognition of any microsporidian species. TLR2 ligation is known to activate NF-kappaB, resulting in inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). We found that the infection of primary human macrophages leads to the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in as early as 1 h and the subsequent production of TNF-alpha and IL-8. To verify the direct role of TLR2 parasite recognition in the production of these cytokines, the receptor was knocked down in primary human macrophages using small interfering RNA. This knockdown resulted in decreases in both the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-8 after challenge with spores. Taken together, these experiments directly link the initial inflammatory response induced by Encephalitozoon spp. to TLR2 stimulation in human macrophages.
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