ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2008
Penetration of chlorhexidine into human skin.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01762904 (Residual Effect of Chlorhexidine 2% / Isopropyl Alcohol 70% Compared to Triclosan 1% / Isopropyl Alcohol 70%), which is not on this map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Residual Effect of Chlorhexidine 2% / Isopropyl Alcohol 70% Compared to Triclosan 1% / Isopropyl Alcohol 70%
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of povidone-iodine-alcohol versus chlorhexidine-alcohol for surgical skin preparation on the aerobic and anaerobic skin flora of the shoulder region.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2021Trial
- Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the skin integrity at PICC line sites.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2009Trial
- A promising therapeutic biomaterial: CHX@ZnO-HA/PSSS nanocomposites enable pH-Dependent infection eradication and bone regeneration in osteomyelitis.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2026Article
- Addressing infection in totally implantable venous access ports: An ex vivo study on bacterial transfer and the Forsvall Port needle design.The journal of vascular access · 2026Article
- Recurrent allergic reactions to unrecognized chlorhexidine exposure leading to pulseless electrical activity: a case report.Nagoya journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Establishing anmSphere · 2025Article
- Development of spray-dried powder hand sanitiser with prolonged effectivity.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Can daily bathing with 4% chlorhexidine + daily chlorhexidine wipe for 1 week be effective in decolonizing Candida auris colonization?European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2024Observational
- Life-threatening chlorhexidine anaphylaxis caused by skin preparation before chlorhexidine-free central venous catheter insertion: a case report and literature review.Journal of anesthesia · 2023Review
- Evaluation of the role of povidone‑iodine in the prevention of surgical site infections.Surgery open science · 2023Review
- Randomized controlled trial on healthy volunteers of pharmacokinetic and antimicrobial activity of a novel hydrogel-containing chlorhexidine dressing to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infection.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Microneedle-Mediated Permeation Enhancement of Chlorhexidine Digluconate: Mechanistic Insights Through Imaging Mass Spectrometry.Pharmaceutical research · 2022Article
- Augmenting the Activity of Chlorhexidine for Decolonization ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Microbiological and scanning electron microscopic evaluation of epidural catheters.Regional anesthesia and pain medicine · 2020Article
- GSK2646264, a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, attenuates the release of histamine in ex vivo human skin.British journal of pharmacology · 2019Article
- The downside of antimicrobial agents for wound healing.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2019Review
- Inhibition of bacterial attachment and biofilm formation by a novel intravenous catheter material using an in vitro percutaneous catheter insertion model.Medical devices (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Article
- Enhanced chlorhexidine skin penetration with 1,8-cineole.BMC infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Use of Chlorhexidine Preparations in Total Joint Arthroplasty.Journal of bone and joint infection · 2017Review
- Prospective evaluation of 2% (w/v) alcoholic chlorhexidine gluconate as an antiseptic agent for blood donor arm preparation.Asian journal of transfusion science · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study evaluated a model of skin permeation to determine the depth of delivery of chlorhexidine into full-thickness excised human skin following topical application of 2% (wt/vol) aqueous chlorhexidine digluconate. Skin permeation studies were performed on full-thickness human skin using Franz diffusion cells with exposure to chlorhexidine for 2 min, 30 min, and 24 h. The concentration of chlorhexidine extracted from skin sections was determined to a depth of 1,500 microm following serial sectioning of the skin using a microtome and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Poor penetration of chlorhexidine into skin following 2-min and 30-min exposures to chlorhexidine was observed (0.157 +/- 0.047 and 0.077 +/- 0.015 microg/mg tissue within the top 100 microm), and levels of chlorhexidine were minimal at deeper skin depths (less than 0.002 microg/mg tissue below 300 microm). After 24 h of exposure, there was more chlorhexidine within the upper 100-microm sections (7.88 +/- 1.37 microg/mg tissue); however, the levels remained low (less than 1 microg/mg tissue) at depths below 300 microm. There was no detectable penetration through the full-thickness skin. The model presented in this study can be used to assess the permeation of antiseptic agents through various layers of skin in vitro. Aqueous chlorhexidine demonstrated poor permeation into the deeper layers of the skin, which may restrict the efficacy of skin antisepsis with this agent. This study lays the foundation for further research in adopting alternative strategies for enhanced skin antisepsis in clinical practice.
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