ArticlePediatrics2008
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and autism spectrum disorders.
Article in Pediatrics, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Atypical cytokine profiles in people on the autism spectrum: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis including 54 cytokines.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Association of Peripheral Blood Levels of Cytokines With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Celecoxib as adjunctive treatment to risperidone in children with autistic disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Psychopharmacology · 2013Trial
- A Developmental Neuroimmune Cascade Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- MIF functional polymorphisms are associated with acute GVHD progression and steroid-refractoriness.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Unraveling the Endocannabinoid System: Exploring Its Therapeutic Potential in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Neuromolecular medicine · 2024Review
- Cognitive inflexibility and immunome biomarkers in children with autism spectrum disorder.Neuroscience applied · 2024Article
- Neonatal immune signatures differ by sex regardless of neurodevelopmental disorder status: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) alone reveals a sex by diagnosis interaction effect.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- Inflammation and the Potential Implication of Macrophage-Microglia Polarization in Human ASD: An Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders by Mitochondrial-targeted Drug: Future of Neurological Diseases Therapeutics.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Review
- Altered Cytokine and BDNF Levels in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It?International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Increased Monocyte Production of IL-6 after Toll-like Receptor Activation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Is Associated with Repetitive and Restricted Behaviors.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Integration of Urine Proteomic and Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Novel Insights Into Neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Possible Effect of the use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Review
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in Nodding syndrome.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibition Safety and Efficacy in Inflammation-Based Psychiatric Disorders.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Alteration of Gut Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Overview.Soa--ch'ongsonyon chongsin uihak = Journal of child & adolescent psychiatry · 2020Review
- Development of the Korean Form of the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale: A Reliability and Validity Study.Soa--ch'ongsonyon chongsin uihak = Journal of child & adolescent psychiatry · 2020Article
- Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation leads to acute elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome.Physiology & behavior · 2020Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAutistic spectrum disorders are childhood neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social and communicative impairment and repetitive and stereotypical behavior. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream regulator of innate immunity that promotes monocyte/macrophage-activation responses by increasing the expression of Toll-like receptors and inhibiting activation-induced apoptosis. On the basis of results of previous genetic linkage studies and reported altered innate immune response in autism spectrum disorder, we hypothesized that MIF could represent a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder or its diagnostic components.
methodsGenetic association between autism spectrum disorder and MIF was investigated in 2 independent sets of families of probands with autism spectrum disorder, from the United States (527 participants from 152 families) and Holland (532 participants from 183 families). Probands and their siblings, when available, were evaluated with clinical instruments used for autism spectrum disorder diagnoses. Genotyping was performed for 2 polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MIF gene in both samples sequentially. In addition, MIF plasma analyses were conducted in a subset of Dutch patients from whom plasma was available.
resultsThere were genetic associations between known functional polymorphisms in the promoter for MIF and autism spectrum disorder-related behaviors. Also, probands with autism spectrum disorder exhibited higher circulating MIF levels than did their unaffected siblings, and plasma MIF concentrations correlated with the severity of multiple autism spectrum disorder symptoms.
conclusionsThese results identify MIF as a possible susceptibility gene for autism spectrum disorder. Additional research is warranted on the precise relationship between MIF and the behavioral components of autism spectrum disorder, the mechanism by which MIF contributes to autism spectrum disorder pathogenesis, and the clinical use of MIF genotyping.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.