ArticleAIDS (London, England)2008
IL-21 augments natural killer effector functions in chronically HIV-infected individuals.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Elephant in the room: natural killer cells don't forget HIV either.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- Therapeutic potential of interleukin-21 in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research.Viruses · 2022Review
- Impact of Early Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation on HIV-Specific CD4 and CD8 T Cell Function in Perinatally Infected Children.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Article
- A Natural Impact: NK Cells at the Intersection of Cancer and HIV Disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Interleukin-21 Regulates Natural Killer Cell Responses During Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Article
- IL-21-dependent expansion of memory-like NK cells enhances protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Mucosal immunology · 2017Article
- Induction ofJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2017Article
- A Two-Phase Expansion Protocol Combining Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21 Improves Natural Killer Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxicity against Rhabdomyosarcoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- Shaping of Natural Killer Cell Antitumor Activity byFrontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- IL-21 Signaling in Immunity.F1000Research · 2016Review
- Elevation of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression on T cells appears early in HIV infection, and differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns can be induced by common γ -chain cytokines.BioMed research international · 2015Article
- Regulation of mouse NK cell development and function by cytokines.Frontiers in immunology · 2013Review
- Interleukin-21 and T follicular helper cells in HIV infection: research focus and future perspectives.Immunologic research · 2013Review
- Dysregulated Tim-3 expression on natural killer cells is associated with increased Galectin-9 levels in HIV-1 infection.Retrovirology · 2013Article
- Suppressed Th17 levels correlate with elevated PIAS3, SHP2, and SOCS3 expression in CD4 T cells during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection.Journal of virology · 2013Article
- Maintenance of intestinal Th17 cells and reduced microbial translocation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with interleukin (IL)-21.PLoS pathogens · 2013Article
- Loss and dysregulation of Th17 cells during HIV infection.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2013Review
- Can immunotherapy be useful as a "functional cure" for infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1?Retrovirology · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study addresses the interleukin (IL)-21 effects on resting peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells in chronically HIV-infected individuals.
designThe effects of IL-21 on perforin expression, proliferation, degranulation, interferon (IFN)-gamma production, cytotoxicity and induction of STAT phosphorylation in NK cells were determined in vitro.
methodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected and healthy individuals were incubated in vitro for 6 h, 24 h or 5 days with IL-21 or IL-15. Percentages of perforin, IFN-gamma, CD107a, NKG2D and STAT3-5 positive cells were determined within NK cell populations. K562 cells were used as target cells in NK cytotoxicity assay.
resultsFrequency of CD56 cells in chronically HIV-infected individuals was diminished. Perforin expression in CD56 and CD56 was comparable in healthy and HIV-infected individuals. IL-15 upregulated perforin expression primarily in CD56 NK cells, whereas IL-21 upregulated perforin in both NK subsets. IL-21 and IL-15 upregulated CD107a and IFN-gamma, as well as NK cytotoxicity. IL-15 predominantly activated STAT5, whereas IL-21 activated STAT5 and STAT3. IL-15, but not IL-21 increased NK cell proliferation in uninfected and HIV-infected individuals.
conclusionIL-21 augments NK effector functions in chronically HIV-infected individuals and due to its perforin enhancing properties it has potential for immunotherapy or as a vaccine adjuvant.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.