ArticleCurrent genomics2007
The Human Pseudoautosomal Region (PAR): Origin, Function and Future.
Article in Current genomics, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 121 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
121 citing papers in PubMed, 296 citations in OpenAlex.
- Escape from X-chromosome inactivation: from gene discovery to regulatory mechanisms.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Female iPSC X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) erosion and its transcriptomic effects during CRISPR gene editing and neural differentiation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- SCiMS: Sex Calling in Metagenomic Sequences.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Xp22.33 Duplication Encompassing PAR1 in a Male with Syndromic Neurodevelopmental Disorder and Tall Stature.Genes · 2026Article
- Transcription and potential functions of a novelGenome research · 2026Article
- SLiM 5: Eco-evolutionary Simulations Across Multiple Chromosomes and Full Genomes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Y-chromosome alteration and its impact on cancer progression and metastasis.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2025Review
- High-Resolution Assembly of the Human Y Chromosome Identifies a Vast Landscape of Inverted Repeats Associated with Structural and Functional Genomic Features.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Molecular Method Based on Hydrolysis Probe Assays to Identify the Sex Chromosomes of Iberian Desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) Using Non-Invasive Sampling.Integrative zoology · 2025Article
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- An iPSC-based model of 47,XYY Jacobs syndrome reveals a DNA methylation-independent transcriptional dysregulation shared with male X aneuploid cells.Genome research · 2025Article
- Minimal repeats are ubiquitous sites of crossover and recombination across the human genome.BMC genomics · 2025Article
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- Y chromosome introgression between deeply divergent primate species.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Role of IL3RA in a Family with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Integration of long-read sequencing, DNA methylation and gene expression reveals heterogeneity in Y chromosome segment lengths in phenotypic males with 46,XX testicular disorder/difference of sex development.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Genome-wide transcriptome profiling and development of age prediction models in the human brain.Aging · 2024Article
- CD99 tumor associated antigen is a potential target for antibody therapy of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2024Review
- Chromosomal Abnormalities of Interest in Turner Syndrome: An Update.Journal of pediatric genetics · 2023Review
61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The pseudoautosomal regions (PAR1 and PAR2) of the human X and Y chromosomes pair and recombine during meiosis. Thus genes in this region are not inherited in a strictly sex-linked fashion. PAR1 is located at the terminal region of the short arms and PAR2 at the tips of the long arms of these chromosomes. To date, 24 genes have been assigned to the PAR1 region. Half of these have a known function. In contrast, so far only 4 genes have been discovered in the PAR2 region. Deletion of the PAR1 region results in failure of pairing and male sterility. The gene SHOX (short stature homeobox-containing) resides in PAR1. SHOX haploinsufficiency contributes to certain features in Turner syndrome as well as the characteristics of Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis. Only two of the human PAR1 genes have mouse homologues. These do not, however, reside in the mouse PAR1 region but are autosomal. The PAR regions seem to be relics of differential additions, losses, rearrangements and degradation of the X and Y chromosome in different mammalian lineages. Marsupials have three homologues of human PAR1 genes in their autosomes, although, in contrast to mouse, do not have a PAR region at all. The disappearance of PAR from other species seems likely and this region will only be rescued by the addition of genes to both X and Y, as has occurred already in lemmings. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the evolution of PAR and provides up-to-date information about individual genes residing in this region.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.