ArticleJournal of cellular and molecular medicine2009
Cyclooxygenase in normal human tissues--is COX-1 really a constitutive isoform, and COX-2 an inducible isoform?
Article in Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 115 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 253 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effectiveness of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen in reduce the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? A meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2020Pooled it
- The efficacy and safety of selective COX-2 inhibitors for postoperative pain management in patients after total knee/hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2020Pooled it
- Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 protein in pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis.Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine · 2014Pooled it
- PET measurement of cyclooxygenase-2 using a novel radioligand: upregulation in primate neuroinflammation and first-in-human study.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2020Trial
- Targeting the COX1/2-Driven thromboxane A2 pathway suppresses Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma development.EBioMedicine · 2019Trial
- A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Ibuprofen for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in a Bovine Model.PloS one · 2016Trial
- Photodynamic therapy based on indomethacin-conjugated photosensitizers: targeting cyclooxygenase-2 in cancer treatment.Medical gas research · 2026Review
- Assessing the Malignant Potential of Gastric Mucosa Disorders: A Pilot Study on Lipid Peroxidation End Products and COX-2 Detection by Immunohistochemistry.Molecular carcinogenesis · 2026Article
- Naproxen and Ibuprofen Exposure Alter the Blood-Testis Barrier in a Novel In Vitro Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Computational strategies for unraveling insights from known inhibitors for further lead optimization: A case study on Celecoxib analogues.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective Potential ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Biallelic variants in COX18 cause a mitochondrial disorder primarily manifesting as peripheral neuropathy.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- The effect of parenteral betanin pre-treatment on the inflammatory response and proliferative activity of pulmonary parenchyma after jejunal ischaemia-reperfusion injury.Journal of veterinary research · 2025Article
- Do Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Adversely Impact Fracture Healing? A Critical Review of the Literature.Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine · 2025Review
- Xiaoke Decoction Inhibits COX-2-Mediated LDLr Pathway Dysfunction and Protects Renal Function in Diabetic Nephropathy Rats.Current medical science · 2025Article
- Reprogramming inflammation: Mechanisms and therapeutic targeting of eicosanoids and pro-resolving mediators.European journal of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Do Diabetes and Genetic Polymorphisms in theJournal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS): More than an inducible enzyme? Rethinking the classification of NOS isoforms.Pharmacological research · 2025Review
- Thalidomide-induced limb malformations: an update and reevaluation.Archives of toxicology · 2025Review
- Article
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a key enzyme in prostanoid synthesis. It exists in two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is referred to as a 'constitutive isoform', and is considered to be expressed in most tissues under basal conditions. In contrast, COX-2 is referred to as an 'inducible isoform', which is believed to be undetectable in most normal tissues, but can be up-regulated during various conditions, many of them pathological. Even though the role of COX in homeostasis and disease in now well appreciated, controversial information is available concerning the distribution of COX isoforms in normal human tissues. There is mounting evidence that it is much more complex than generally believed. Our aim was therefore to analyse the expression and distribution of COX isoforms in normal human tissues, using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and real-time RT-PCR. Autopsy samples from 20 healthy trauma victims and samples from 48 biopsy surgical specimens were included. COX-1 was found in blood vessels, interstitial cells, smooth muscle cells, platelets and mesothelial cells. In contrast, COX-2 was found predominantly in the parenchymal cells of many tissues, with few exceptions, for example the heart. Our results confirm the hypothesis that the distribution of COX isoforms in healthy tissues is much more complex than generally believed. This and previous studies indicate that both isoforms, not only COX-1, are present in many normal human tissues, and that both isoforms, not only COX-2, are up-regulated in various pathological conditions. We may have to revise the concept of 'constitutive' and 'inducible' COX isoforms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.