ArticleVaccine2008
c-di-GMP is an effective immunomodulator and vaccine adjuvant against pneumococcal infection.
Article in Vaccine, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characterization of a transmembrane-activating STING agonist using genetically humanized mice.Cell reports · 2026Article
- STING agonists as antiviral agents.FEBS letters · 2026Review
- Impact and applications of cyclic di-GMP second messenger signaling in biotechnology and medicine.Sustainable microbiology · 2025Review
- Advances in therapeutic cancer vaccines: Harnessing immune adjuvants for enhanced efficacy and future perspectives.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Review
- Revolutionizing adjuvant development: harnessing AI for next-generation cancer vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Development of a Universal Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidate againstVeterinary sciences · 2023Article
- TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants in the prevention of viral infections: an overview.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Activation of Stimulation of Interferon Genes (STING) Signal and Cancer Immunotherapy.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Cyclic-di-GMP stimulates keratinocyte innate immune responses and attenuates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in a murine skin wound infection model.BMC microbiology · 2022Article
- Enhanced Immune Responses in Mice Induced by the c-di-GMP Adjuvanted Inactivated Vaccine for Pseudorabies Virus.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Yin and Yang of Biofilm Formation and Cyclic di-GMP Signaling of the Gastrointestinal Pathogen Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium.Journal of innate immunity · 2022Review
- The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development.Vaccines · 2021Review
- Article
- The Age of Cyclic Dinucleotide Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2020Review
- C-di-GMP with influenza vaccine showed enhanced and shifted immune responses in microneedle vaccination in the skin.Drug delivery and translational research · 2020Article
- The World of Cyclic Dinucleotides in Bacterial Behavior.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- New MoDC-Targeting TNF Fusion Proteins Enhance Cyclic Di-GMP Vaccine Adjuvanticity in Middle-Aged and Aged Mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Cyclic Dinucleotide-Adjuvanted Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Induces Protective Antibody and T Cell Responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2019Article
- STING activation in cancer immunotherapy.Theranostics · 2019Review
- Regulation of gingival epithelial cytokine response by bacterial cyclic dinucleotides.Journal of oral microbiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a unique bacterial intracellular signaling molecule capable of stimulating enhanced protective innate immunity against various bacterial infections. The effects of intranasal pretreatment with c-di-GMP, or intraperitoneal coadministration of c-di-GMP with the pneumolysin toxoid (PdB) or pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) before pneumococcal challenge, were investigated in mice. We found that c-di-GMP had no significant direct short-term effect on the growth rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae either in vitro or in vivo. However, intranasal pretreatment of mice with c-di-GMP resulted in a significant decrease in bacterial load in lungs and blood after serotypes 2 and 3 challenge, and a significant decrease in lung titers after serotype 4 challenge. Potential cellular mediators of these enhanced protective responses were identified in lungs and draining lymph nodes. Intraperitoneal coadministration of c-di-GMP with PdB or PspA before challenge resulted in significantly higher antigen-specific antibody titers and increased survival of mice, compared to that obtained with alum adjuvant. These findings demonstrate that local or systemic c-di-GMP administration stimulates innate and adaptive immunity against invasive pneumococcal disease. We propose that c-di-GMP can be used as an effective broad spectrum immunomodulator and vaccine adjuvant to prevent infectious diseases.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.