SynthesisHuman immunology2008
Balancing selection and heterogeneity across the classical human leukocyte antigen loci: a meta-analytic review of 497 population studies.
Synthesis in Human immunology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 179 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
179 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Major histocompatibility complex-associated odour preferences and human mate choice: near and far horizons.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Heterogeneity revealed through meta-analysis might link geographical differences with nasopharyngeal carcinoma incidence in Han Chinese populations.BMC cancer · 2015Pooled it
- Strategies to work with HLA data in human populations for histocompatibility, clinical transplantation, epidemiology and population genetics: HLA-NET methodological recommendations.International journal of immunogenetics · 2012Guideline
- HLA class I, KIR, and genome-wide SNP diversity in the RV144 Thai phase 3 HIV vaccine clinical trial.Immunogenetics · 2014Trial
- COSIGT: population-scalable genotyping of complex loci from low-coverage sequencing data using pangenome graphs.Genome biology · 2026Article
- Interaction between smoking andMultiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2026Article
- Ancient genomics study reveals low HLA diversity in eastern hunter-gatherers.Genome biology · 2026Article
- Article
- A multi-ethnic reference map of T cell receptor germline diversity reveals evidence of natural selection on alpha chain genes.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Signatures of pathogen-driven selection and Austronesian gene flow of Papua New Guinea HLA alleles.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Computational design of HLA class I superbinders for broad T cell immunogenicity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Assessing CD8Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Human leukocyte antigen pharmacogenetics in infectious diseases: anti-infective drug toxicity and host immune response.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Systems Vaccinology-Integrated Proteomics to Develop a Novel Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccine Against Human Papillomavirus 16.Bioinformatics and biology insights · 2026Article
- EpiMII: Structure-Aware Graph Neural Networks for MHC-II Epitope Generation.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- HLAtools, Searching Shared HLA Amino Acid Residue Prevalence, and the Global Frequency Browsers: New Computational Resources for Working With HLA Data and Visualizing Global Patterns of HLA Variation.International journal of immunogenetics · 2025Article
- High resolution class I HLA-A, -B, and -C diversity in Eastern and Southern African populations.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- HLA diversity and signatures of selection in the Maniq, a nomadic hunter-gatherer population in Southern Thailand.Immunogenetics · 2025Article
- Association between HLA genetics and SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large real-world cohort.Genes and immunity · 2025Article
- EpiMII: Integrating Structure and Graph Neural Networks for MHC-II Epitope and Neoantigen Design.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
119 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This paper presents a meta-analysis of high-resolution human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele frequency data describing 497 population samples. Most of the datasets were compiled from studies published in eight journals from 1990 to 2007; additional datasets came from the International Histocompatibility Workshops and from the AlleleFrequencies.net database. In all, these data represent approximately 66,800 individuals from throughout the world, providing an opportunity to observe trends that may not have been evident at the time the data were originally analyzed, especially with regard to the relative importance of balancing selection among the HLA loci. Population genetic measures of allele frequency distributions were summarized across populations by locus and geographic region. A role for balancing selection maintaining much of HLA variation was confirmed. Further, the breadth of this meta-analysis allowed the ranking of the HLA loci, with DQA1 and HLA-C showing the strongest balancing selection and DPB1 being compatible with neutrality. Comparisons of the allelic spectra reported by studies since 1990 indicate that most of the HLA alleles identified since 2000 are very-low-frequency alleles. The literature-based allele-count data, as well as maps summarizing the geographic distributions for each allele, are available online.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.