ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2008
The interplay between propelling efficiency, hydrodynamic position and energy cost of front crawl in 8 to 19-year-old swimmers.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- How Anthropometrics of Young and Adolescent Swimmers Influence Stroking Parameters and Performance? A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Virtual reality-supported video modeling for enhancing motor skill acquisition in swimming.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Froude Efficiency and Velocity Fluctuation in Forearm-Amputee Front Crawl: Implications for Para Swimming Classification.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2023Article
- Are Young Swimmers Short and Middle Distances Energy Cost Sex-Specific?Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- A Multidisciplinary Comparison of Different Techniques Among Skilled Water Treaders.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Gliding performance is affected by cranial movement of abdominal organs.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines-Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Human thrust in aquatic environment: The effect of post-activation potentiation on flutter kick.Journal of advanced research · 2020Article
- The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Review
- A Biophysical Analysis on the Arm Stroke Efficiency in Front Crawl Swimming: Comparing Methods and Determining the Main Performance Predictors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Bayesian approach to quantify morphological impact on performance in international elite freestyle swimming.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2019Article
- The interplay between arms-only propelling efficiency, power output and speed in master swimmers.European journal of applied physiology · 2014Article
- The determinants of performance in master swimmers: a cross-sectional study on the age-related changes in propelling efficiency, hydrodynamic position and energy cost of front crawl.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Article
- The determinants of performance in master swimmers: an analysis of master world records.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Article
- Reproducibility of an aerobic endurance test for nonexpert swimmers.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2012Article
- Energetics of swimming: a historical perspective.European journal of applied physiology · 2011Review
- Comparative analysis of the energy cost during front crawl swimming in children and adults.European journal of applied physiology · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay between the arm stroke efficiency (an index of propelling efficiency, eta (P)) and the static and dynamic position in water (indexes of hydrodynamic resistance, W (d)) in determining the energy cost of front crawl (C) during a swimmer's growth. These three parameters are indeed related by the following equation: C=W(d)/(eta(P).eta(o)) where eta (o) is the overall efficiency of swimming. The experiments were carried out on 72 swimmers (38 M and 34 F; 8-19 years) who were asked to swim at 1 m s(-1). The static position in water was assessed by measuring the underwater torque (T'); the dynamic position in water by measuring the projected frontal area (A (eff)). The ratio between the average values of the eldest to youngest class of age was 3.84 and 2.27 for T', 2.13 and 1.68 for A (eff), and 1.13 and 1.24 for eta (P) (in M and F, respectively). The increase in T' and in A (eff) was larger than the increase in efficiency suggesting that, in this age range, C should increase, the more so in M than F. Indeed, C increased by 1.58 in male and 1.17 in female swimmers. Based on the values of C and eta (P) (and assuming a constant value of eta (o)) it is possible to estimate that, in this age range, W (d) increases by about 1.97 in male and 1.32 in female swimmers, an increase which is proportional to the observed increase in A (eff).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.