ArticleJournal of virology2008
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 facilitates West Nile virus entry into the brain.
Article in Journal of virology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammatory Response Associated with West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- Gene expression profiles in neurological tissues during West Nile virus infection: a critical meta-analysis.BMC genomics · 2018Pooled it
- West Nile Virus Exploits miR-155-5p-Mediated Regulation of TRIM32-IκBα Axis to Evade NF-κB-Mediated Innate Immune Responses in Human Microglial Cells.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Polyamines as Gatekeepers of Virus Replication and Central Nervous System Homeostasis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pathogenic breaches: how viruses compromise blood-tissue barriers.Tissue barriers · 2026Review
- Tembusu virus neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis: lessons from blood-brain barrier dysfunction in neurotropic flaviviruses.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Sequelae of viral CNS infections including outcomes, mechanisms, and knowledge gaps.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Unraveling the complexities of neurotropic virus infection and immune evasion.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Article
- Astrocytic RIPK3 exerts protective anti-inflammatory activity in mice with viral encephalitis by transcriptional induction of serpins.Science signaling · 2025Article
- A central role for CCR2 in monocyte recruitment and blood-brain barrier disruption during Usutu virus encephalitis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- The Factors Associated with the Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Tick-Borne Encephalitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Acute Flaccid Myelitis Caused by West Nile Virus: A Case Report and Neuroimaging Correlate.Cureus · 2024Article
- Usutu virus and West Nile virus use a transcellular route of neuroinvasion across an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier.Npj viruses · 2024Article
- CNS Viral Infections-What to Consider for Improving Drug Treatment: A Plea for Using Mathematical Modeling Approaches.CNS drugs · 2024Review
- Understanding the link between neurotropic viruses, BBB permeability, and MS pathogenesis.Journal of neurovirology · 2024Review
- Natural history of Ebola virus disease in rhesus monkeys shows viral variant emergence dynamics and tissue-specific host responses.Cell genomics · 2023Article
- Article
- Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Investigating the possible mechanisms of autonomic dysfunction post-COVID-19.Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical · 2023Review
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most-common cause of mosquito-borne encephalitis in the United States. Invasion of the brain by WNV is influenced by viral and host factors, and the molecular mechanism underlying disruption of the blood-brain barrier is likely multifactorial. Here we show that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is involved in WNV entry into the brain by enhancing blood-brain barrier permeability. Murine MMP9 expression was induced in the circulation shortly after WNV infection, and the protein levels remained high even when viremia subsided. In the murine brain, MMP9 expression and its enzymatic activity were upregulated and MMP9 was shown to partly localize to the blood vessels. Interestingly, we also found that cerebrospinal fluid from patients suffering from WNV contained increased MMP9 levels. The peripheral viremia and expression of host cytokines were not altered in MMP9(-/-) mice; however, these animals were protected from lethal WNV challenge. The resistance of MMP9(-/-) mice to WNV infection correlated with an intact blood-brain barrier since immunoglobulin G, Evans blue leakage into brain, and type IV collagen degradation were markedly reduced in the MMP9(-/-) mice compared with their levels in controls. Consistent with this, the brain viral loads, selected inflammatory cytokines, and leukocyte infiltrates were significantly reduced in the MMP9(-/-) mice compared to their levels in wild-type mice. These data suggest that MMP9 plays a role in mediating WNV entry into the central nervous system and that strategies to interrupt this process may influence the course of West Nile encephalitis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.