ArticleBMC evolutionary biology2008
Molecular phylogeny of diplomonads and enteromonads based on SSU rRNA, alpha-tubulin and HSP90 genes: implications for the evolutionary history of the double karyomastigont of diplomonads.
Article in BMC evolutionary biology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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15 citing papers in PubMed, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aspects of Genetic Diversity, Host Specificity and Public Health Significance of Single-Celled Intestinal Parasites Commonly Observed in Humans and Mostly Referred to as 'Non-Pathogenic'.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2025Review
- Selective loss of ATP carriers in favour of SLC25A43 orthologues in metamonad mitochondria adapted to anaerobiosis.Open biology · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity of genus Chilomastix: molecular classification of C. mesnili and other potential species variations in humans and animals.Tropical medicine and health · 2025Article
- The expanded genome of Hexamita inflata, a free-living diplomonad.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Expanded gene and taxon sampling of diplomonads shows multiple switches to parasitic and free-living lifestyle.BMC biology · 2024Article
- Combined nanometric and phylogenetic analysis of unique endocytic compartments in Giardia lamblia sheds light on the evolution of endocytosis in Metamonada.BMC biology · 2022Article
- Retortamonads from vertebrate hosts share features of anaerobic metabolism and pre-adaptations to parasitism with diplomonads.Parasitology international · 2021Article
- EukRef-excavates: seven curated SSU ribosomal RNA gene databases.Database : the journal of biological databases and curation · 2020Article
- Article
- On the reversibility of parasitism: adaptation to a free-living lifestyle via gene acquisitions in the diplomonad Trepomonas sp. PC1.BMC biology · 2016Article
- The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2014Review
- The genome of Spironucleus salmonicida highlights a fish pathogen adapted to fluctuating environments.PLoS genetics · 2014Article
- Complex phylogenetic distribution of a non-canonical genetic code in green algae.BMC evolutionary biology · 2010Article
- Systemic spironucleosis in 2 immunodeficient rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).Veterinary pathology · 2010Article
- Large genomic differences between the morphologically indistinguishable diplomonads Spironucleus barkhanus and Spironucleus salmonicida.BMC genomics · 2010Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFornicata is a relatively recently established group of protists that includes the diplokaryotic diplomonads (which have two similar nuclei per cell), and the monokaryotic enteromonads, retortamonads and Carpediemonas, with the more typical one nucleus per cell. The monophyly of the group was confirmed by molecular phylogenetic studies, but neither the internal phylogeny nor its position on the eukaryotic tree has been clearly resolved.
resultsHere we have introduced data for three genes (SSU rRNA, alpha-tubulin and HSP90) with a wide taxonomic sampling of Fornicata, including ten isolates of enteromonads, representing the genera Trimitus and Enteromonas, and a new undescribed enteromonad genus. The diplomonad sequences formed two main clades in individual gene and combined gene analyses, with Giardia (and Octomitus) on one side of the basal divergence and Spironucleus, Hexamita and Trepomonas on the other. Contrary to earlier evolutionary scenarios, none of the studied enteromonads appeared basal to diplokaryotic diplomonads. Instead, the enteromonad isolates were all robustly situated within the second of the two diplomonad clades. Furthermore, our analyses suggested that enteromonads do not constitute a monophyletic group, and enteromonad monophyly was statistically rejected in 'approximately unbiased' tests of the combined gene data.
conclusionWe suggest that all higher taxa intended to unite multiple enteromonad genera be abandoned, that Trimitus and Enteromonas be considered as part of Hexamitinae, and that the term 'enteromonads' be used in a strictly utilitarian sense. Our result suggests either that the diplokaryotic condition characteristic of diplomonads arose several times independently, or that the monokaryotic cell of enteromonads originated several times independently by secondary reduction from the diplokaryotic state. Both scenarios are evolutionarily complex. More comparative data on the similarity of the genomes of the two nuclei of diplomonads will be necessary to resolve which evolutionary scenario is more probable.
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