ArticleInfection and immunity2008
In vivo demonstration and quantification of intracellular Bacillus anthracis in lung epithelial cells.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Convergent evolution of diverse Bacillus anthracis outbreak strains toward altered surface oligosaccharides that modulate anthrax pathogenesis.PLoS biology · 2020Article
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- Article
- Understanding the emergence of bacterial pathogens in novel hosts.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Bacillus anthracis spore movement does not require a carrier cell and is not affected by lethal toxin in human lung models.Microbes and infection · 2016Article
- The Exosporium Layer of Bacterial Spores: a Connection to the Environment and the Infected Host.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2015Review
- Bacillus anthracis spores germinate extracellularly at air-liquid interface in an in vitro lung model under serum-free conditions.Journal of applied microbiology · 2015Article
- New insights into gastrointestinal anthrax infection.Trends in molecular medicine · 2015Review
- Crossing of the epithelial barriers by Bacillus anthracis: the Known and the Unknown.Frontiers in microbiology · 2015Review
- Characterization of Bacillus anthracis persistence in vivo.PloS one · 2013Article
- Bacillus anthracis co-opts nitric oxide and host serum albumin for pathogenicity in hypoxic conditions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2013Article
- Updating perspectives on the initiation of Bacillus anthracis growth and dissemination through its host.Infection and immunity · 2012Review
- Activation of the classical complement pathway by Bacillus anthracis is the primary mechanism for spore phagocytosis and involves the spore surface protein BclA.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2012Article
- Classical labeling of bacterial pathogens according to their lifestyle in the host: inconsistencies and alternatives.Frontiers in microbiology · 2012Article
- Differential role of the interleukin-17 axis and neutrophils in resolution of inhalational anthrax.Infection and immunity · 2012Article
- Bacillus anthracis spore interactions with mammalian cells: relationship between germination state and the outcome of in vitro.BMC microbiology · 2011Article
- Bacillus anthracis spore entry into epithelial cells is an actin-dependent process requiring c-Src and PI3K.PloS one · 2010Article
- Inducible innate resistance of lung epithelium to infection.Annual review of physiology · 2010Review
- Anthrax lethal toxin impairs IL-8 expression in epithelial cells through inhibition of histone H3 modification.PLoS pathogens · 2009Article
- What is the relevance of lung epithelial cells during the dissemination of spores in inhalational anthrax?Infection and immunity · 2009Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Inhalational anthrax is initiated by the entry of Bacillus anthracis spores into the lung. A critical early event in the establishment of an infection is the dissemination of spores from the lung. Using in vitro cell culture assays, we previously demonstrated that B. anthracis spores are capable of entering into epithelial cells of the lung and crossing a barrier of lung epithelial cells without apparent disruption of the barrier integrity, suggesting a novel portal for spores to disseminate from the lung. However, in vivo evidence for spore uptake by epithelial cells has been lacking. Here, using a mouse model, we present evidence that B. anthracis spores are taken up by lung epithelial cells in vivo soon after spores are delivered into the lung. Immunofluorescence staining of thin sections of lungs from spore-challenged BALB/c mice revealed that spores were associated with the epithelial surfaces in the airway and the alveoli at 2 and 4 h postinoculation. Confocal analysis further indicated that some of the associated spores were surrounded by F-actin, demonstrating intracellular localization. These observations were further confirmed and substantiated by a quantitative method that first isolated lung cells from spore-challenged mice and then stained these cells with antibodies specific for epithelial cells and spores. The results showed that substantial amounts of spores were taken up by lung epithelial cells in vivo. These data, combined with those in our previous reports, provided powerful evidence that the lung epithelia were directly targeted by B. anthracis spores at early stages of infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.