ArticleToxicology and applied pharmacology2008
Increased oxidative stress and antioxidant expression in mouse keratinocytes following exposure to paraquat.
Article in Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- DHA and EPA in Sickle Cell Disease Favor Clinical Improvement and Contribute to Better Quality of Life: A Qualitative Systematic Review.Current drug research reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Glutathione Relevance in the Response of CiliateBiology · 2026Article
- Enhanced Protective Potential of a Pea Protein-Fortified Fermented Almond Beverage Against Paraquat-Induced Oxidative Stress.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Article
- Environmental pro-oxidants induce altered envelope protein profiles in human keratinocytes.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2023Article
- Microsomal glutathione transferase 1 in cancer and the regulation of ferroptosis.Advances in cancer research · 2023Review
- Isorhapontigenin Modulates SOX9/TOLLIP Expression to Attenuate Cell Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Paraquat-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Article
- Gallic acid exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and nephroprotective effects against paraquat-induced renal injury in male rats.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2021Article
- Synthetically modified methoxsalen for enhanced cytotoxicity in light and dark reactions.Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters · 2019Article
- Interleukin-17A Plays the Same Role on Mice Acute Lung Injury Respectively Induced by Lipopolysaccharide and Paraquat.Inflammation · 2017Article
- Autophagy deficient keratinocytes display increased DNA damage, senescence and aberrant lipid composition after oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo.Redox biology · 2017Article
- Periodic Exposure of Keratinocytes to Cold Physical Plasma: An In Vitro Model for Redox-Related Diseases of the Skin.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2016Article
- Article
- Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead.Carcinogenesis · 2015Review
- The effect of environmental chemicals on the tumor microenvironment.Carcinogenesis · 2015Review
- Natural antioxidant betanin protects rats from paraquat-induced acute lung injury interstitial pneumonia.BioMed research international · 2015Article
- Modulation of keratinocyte expression of antioxidants by 4-hydroxynonenal, a lipid peroxidation end product.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2014Article
- Regulation of keratinocyte expression of stress proteins and antioxidants by the electrophilic nitrofatty acids 9- and 10-nitrooleic acid.Free radical biology & medicine · 2014Article
- Potent antioxidative and UVB protective effect of water extract of Eclipta prostrata L.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2014Article
- Antioxidant response and histopathological changes in brain tissue of pigeon exposed to avermectin.Ecotoxicology (London, England) · 2013Article
- Dopamine and paraquat enhance α-synuclein-induced alterations in membrane conductance.Neurotoxicity research · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium) is a widely used herbicide known to induce skin toxicity. This is thought to be due to oxidative stress resulting from the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) during paraquat redox cycling. The skin contains a diverse array of antioxidant enzymes which protect against oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), metallothionein-2 (MT-2), and glutathione-S-transferases (GST). In the present studies we compared paraquat redox cycling in primary cultures of undifferentiated and differentiated mouse keratinocytes and determined if this was associated with oxidative stress and altered expression of antioxidant enzymes. We found that paraquat readily undergoes redox cycling in both undifferentiated and differentiated keratinocytes, generating superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide as well as increased protein oxidation which was greater in differentiated cells. Paraquat treatment also resulted in increased expression of HO-1, Cu,Zn-SOD, catalase, GSTP1, GSTA3 and GSTA4. However, no major differences in expression of these enzymes were evident between undifferentiated and differentiated cells. In contrast, expression of GSTA1-2 was significantly greater in differentiated relative to undifferentiated cells after paraquat treatment. No changes in expression of MT-2, Mn-SOD, GPx-1, GSTM1 or the microsomal GST's mGST1, mGST2 and mGST3, were observed in response to paraquat. These data demonstrate that paraquat induces oxidative stress in keratinocytes leading to increased expression of antioxidant genes. These intracellular proteins may be important in protecting the skin from paraquat-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.