ArticleAIDS (London, England)2008
Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in breast milk are associated with HIV-1 shedding but not with mastitis.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Increased Epstein-Barr virus in breast milk occurs with subclinical mastitis and HIV shedding.Medicine · 2016Trial
- Compartmentalized cytomegalovirus replication and transmission in the setting of maternal HIV-1 infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2014Trial
- Maternal valacyclovir and infant cytomegalovirus acquisition: a randomized controlled trial among HIV-infected women.PloS one · 2014Trial
- Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection?Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- Molecular Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Disease of Oropharyngeal Mucosal Epithelium.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Review
- Review
- Revisiting Koch's postulate to determine the plausibility of viral transmission by human milk.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2021Article
- Transient Oral Human Cytomegalovirus Infections Indicate Inefficient Viral Spread from Very Few Initially Infected Cells.Journal of virology · 2017Article
- Prospective Characterization of the Risk Factors for Transmission and Symptoms of Primary Human Herpesvirus Infections Among Ugandan Infants.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2016Article
- Increased Cytomegalovirus Secretion and Risks of Infant Infection by Breastfeeding Duration From Maternal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Compared to Negative Mothers in Sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2016Article
- Breast Milk as a Potential Source of Epstein-Barr Virus Transmission Among Infants Living in a Malaria-Endemic Region of Kenya.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Article
- A Review of Human Herpesvirus 8, the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, in the Pediatric Population.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2014Review
- Postnatal cytomegalovirus exposure in infants of antiretroviral-treated and untreated HIV-infected mothers.Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology · 2014Article
- Cell-free (RNA) and cell-associated (DNA) HIV-1 and postnatal transmission through breastfeeding.PloS one · 2012Article
- Immune approaches for the prevention of breast milk transmission of HIV-1.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2012Article
- Acute cytomegalovirus infection in Kenyan HIV-infected infants.AIDS (London, England) · 2009Article
- The detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in maternal plasma is associated with mortality in HIV-1-infected women and their infants.AIDS (London, England) · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBreast milk HIV-1 load is associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis, and both milk viral load and mastitis are associated with increased mother-to-child-transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding. Bacterial infections may cause clinical mastitis, but whether other copathogens common in HIV-1 infection are associated with subclinical mastitis or HIV-1 shedding is unknown.
designA cross-sectional study of HIV-1-infected breastfeeding women in Zimbabwe was performed to examine the relationship between a wide range of breast coinfections, mastitis, and HIV-1 shedding.
methodsBreast milk was cultured for bacteria and fungi and tested by PCR for mycobacteria, mycoplasmas, human herpesvirus (HHV)-6, HHV-7, HHV-8, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and HIV-1 RNA and DNA. Symptoms of clinical mastitis were documented and subclinical mastitis was identified by breast milk sodium concentration (Na) and leukocyte counts.
resultsCoinfections of milk were not associated with clinical or subclinical mastitis in the 217 women studied. Detection of HIV-1 RNA, but not DNA, in breast milk was associated with cytomegalovirus concentration (odds ratio = 1.8, P = 0.002) and detection of Epstein-Barr virus (odds ratio = 3.8, P = 0.0003) but not other coinfections in multivariate analysis.
conclusionCoinfection of breast milk with bacteria, fungi, or herpes viruses was not associated with mastitis. The associations between shedding of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus with HIV-1 in milk suggest a local interaction between herpes virus infection and HIV-1 independent of mastitis. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections may impact HIV-1 shedding in breast milk and the risk of MTCT.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.