Trial reportBMC medicine2008
A panel of kallikrein markers can reduce unnecessary biopsy for prostate cancer: data from the European Randomized Study of Prostate Cancer Screening in Göteborg, Sweden.
Trial report in BMC medicine, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Urinary Exosomes Diagnosis of Urological Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Value of Intact Prostate Specific Antigen and Human Kallikrein 2 in the 4 Kallikrein Predictive Model: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis.The Journal of urology · 2018Pooled it
- Properties of the 4-Kallikrein Panel Outside the Diagnostic Gray Zone: Meta-Analysis of Patients with Positive Digital Rectal Examination or Prostate Specific Antigen 10 ng/ml and Above.The Journal of urology · 2017Pooled it
- Screening for prostate cancer.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2013Pooled it
- A Four-kallikrein Panel and β-Microseminoprotein in Predicting High-grade Prostate Cancer on Biopsy: An Independent Replication from the Finnish Section of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer.European urology focus · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Can one blood draw replace transrectal ultrasonography-estimated prostate volume to predict prostate cancer risk?BJU international · 2013Trial
- Trial
- Reducing unnecessary biopsy during prostate cancer screening using a four-kallikrein panel: an independent replication.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2010Trial
- Observational
- From prostate specific antigen to genomic signatures: Advances in biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis.Translational oncology · 2026Review
- Validation and context-dependent effects of a prostate cancer polygenic risk score in the All of Us Research Program.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Utility of the PROSTest, a Novel Blood-Based Molecular Assay, Versus PSA for Prostate Cancer Stratification and Detection of Disease.The Prostate · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the 4Kscore Test in Relation to Subsequent Risk of Aggressive Prostate Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Usefulness of free PSA ratio to enhance detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in patients with PI-RADS<3 and PSA≤10.Prostate international · 2025Article
- Evaluating prostate cancer diagnostic methods: The role and relevance of digital rectal examination in modern era.Investigative and clinical urology · 2025Review
- New biomarkers and multiplex tests for diagnosis of aggressive prostate cancer and therapy management.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Article
- Performance of 4Kscore as a Reflex Test to Prostate-specific Antigen in the GÖTEBORG-2 Prostate Cancer Screening Trial.European urology · 2024Article
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundProstate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used to detect prostate cancer. The low positive predictive value of elevated PSA results in large numbers of unnecessary prostate biopsies. We set out to determine whether a multivariable model including four kallikrein forms (total, free, and intact PSA, and human kallikrein 2 (hK2)) could predict prostate biopsy outcome in previously unscreened men with elevated total PSA.
methodsThe study cohort comprised 740 men in Göteborg, Sweden, undergoing biopsy during the first round of the European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. We calculated the area-under-the-curve (AUC) for predicting prostate cancer at biopsy. AUCs for a model including age and PSA (the 'laboratory' model) and age, PSA and digital rectal exam (the 'clinical' model) were compared with those for models that also included additional kallikreins.
resultsAddition of free and intact PSA and hK2 improved AUC from 0.68 to 0.83 and from 0.72 to 0.84, for the laboratory and clinical models respectively. Using a 20% risk of prostate cancer as the threshold for biopsy would have reduced the number of biopsies by 424 (57%) and missed only 31 out of 152 low-grade and 3 out of 40 high-grade cancers.
conclusionMultiple kallikrein forms measured in blood can predict the result of biopsy in previously unscreened men with elevated PSA. A multivariable model can determine which men should be advised to undergo biopsy and which might be advised to continue screening, but defer biopsy until there was stronger evidence of malignancy.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.