ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2009
Underdiagnosis and referral bias of autism in ethnic minorities.
Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 258 citations in OpenAlex.
- Parental Perceptions of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Latinx and Black Sociocultural Contexts: A Systematic Review.American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities · 2022Pooled it
- Self-reported sex differences in high-functioning adults with autism: a meta-analysis.Molecular autism · 2018Pooled it
- Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2012Pooled it
- Ethical Complexities and Concerns Surrounding Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Open-Access Scientific Framework in Autism Research.Autism in adulthood · 2026Article
- The "Dual Masking Phenomenon": A Critical Autoethnography of an Autistic Multiracial Latina Amid the Presence of White Autistic Researchers and Self-Advocates.Autism in adulthood · 2026Article
- Improving Response to Developmental Screening Through Integrated Behavioral Health in Pediatric Primary Care.Clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- The Architectural Needs and Preferences of Autistic People Versus Gerontological Residential Care Facility Design Practices.Autism in adulthood · 2026Article
- "We Realised We Were Not in it by Ourselves." Exploring Experiences of a Multidisciplinary Psychoeducational Workshop for Parents With a Child Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Condition: A Thematic Analysis.Clinical child psychology and psychiatry · 2026Article
- Structural, Institutional, and Interpersonal Racism: Calling for Equity in Autism Research and Practice.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- Diagnostic Procedures and Treatments for Autistic Children in the Netherlands: A Scoping Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Rate differences in referrals and diagnostic outcomes of neurodevelopmental disorders between children with native and migrant backgrounds: a retrospective cohort study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Cognitive screening informs referrals for neuropsychological evaluation in children with epilepsy.Epilepsia · 2025Article
- Comparing the portrayal of #autism and #neurodiversity on TikTok: creators, content, and representation.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2025Article
- The Effect of Family Characteristics on the Functioning of a Child with an Autistic Spectrum Disorder in Bedouin Society in Israel.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Demographic Correlates of Autism: How Do Associations Compare Between Diagnosis and a Quantitative Trait Measure?Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Exploring Lived Experiences of Receiving a Diagnosis of Autism in Adulthood: A Systematic Review.Autism in adulthood · 2025Review
- Reading between the lines: exploring the discriminative ability of the Short-Story Task in identifying autistic individuals within autism outpatient services.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Autoethnographic Insights from Neurodivergent GAI "Power Users".Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. CHI Conference · 2025Article
- Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study examined (1) the distribution of ethnic minorities among children referred to autism institutions and (2) referral bias in pediatric assessment of autism in ethnic minorities. It showed that compared to the known community prevalence, ethnic minorities were under-represented among 712 children referred to autism institutions. In addition, pediatricians (n = 81) more often referred to autism when judging clinical vignettes of European majority cases (Dutch) than vignettes including non-European minority cases (Moroccan or Turkish). However, when asked explicitly for ratings of the probability of autism, the effect of ethnic background on autism diagnosis disappeared. We conclude that the use of structured ratings may decrease the likelihood of ethnic bias in diagnostic decisions of autism.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.