ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2008
Virus attenuation by genome-scale changes in codon pair bias.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 394 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
394 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 737 citations in OpenAlex.
- Synonymous but Not Silent: The Codon Usage Code for Gene Expression and Protein Folding.Annual review of biochemistry · 2021Pooled it
- Attenuation without protective immunogenicity: effects of codon-pair deoptimization on foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in swine.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multilayered nucleotide organization reveals purifying selection and host-driven adaptation in CPV and FPV.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Codon-Pair Deoptimized (CPD) Intranasal RSV Vaccines: A Novel Strategy for Infant Protection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Combating respiratory diseases with mucosal vaccines.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Generation of an autophagy-targeting influenza A virus as live attenuated vaccine.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Attenuation of Influenza a Virus into Live Vaccines Through C-End Degrons.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Hierarchical evolution of the proteobacterial essential chaperone SecB reveals non-neutral synonymous evolution under extreme purifying selection.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Article
- Lysosome-targeting live attenuated influenza vaccines elicit robust and broad immunity in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Comparative Codon Usage Bias of CD2AP and BACH2 Across 49 Vertebrates: Implications for Porcine Macrophage Immunity inBiology · 2026Article
- Pichia-CLM: A language model-based codon optimization pipeline forProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- WDR5-H3K4me3 Epigenetic Axis Promotes TRMT6-Dependent tRNA MAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Genome-Wide Codon Reprogramming Enables a Multifactorially Attenuated Influenza Vaccine with Broad Cross-Protection.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Codon Usage Analysis Across Diverse Plant Lineages.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Broad beta-CoV immunity and transmission blockade by a single-dose live-attenuated vaccine with atypical codon usage.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Availability of Charged tRNAs Drives Maximal Protein Synthesis at Intermediate Levels of Codon Usage Bias.Bulletin of mathematical biology · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of codon usage bias revealed natural selection-driven evolution and host adaptation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Codon deoptimization of multispecific biologics reduces mispairing during transient mammalian protein expression.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in theThe Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2026Article
- Deep learning predicts potential reassortments of avian H5N1 with human influenza viruses.National science review · 2025Article
334 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
As a result of the redundancy of the genetic code, adjacent pairs of amino acids can be encoded by as many as 36 different pairs of synonymous codons. A species-specific "codon pair bias" provides that some synonymous codon pairs are used more or less frequently than statistically predicted. We synthesized de novo large DNA molecules using hundreds of over-or underrepresented synonymous codon pairs to encode the poliovirus capsid protein. Underrepresented codon pairs caused decreased rates of protein translation, and polioviruses containing such amino acid-independent changes were attenuated in mice. Polioviruses thus customized were used to immunize mice and provided protective immunity after challenge. This "death by a thousand cuts" strategy could be generally applicable to attenuating many kinds of viruses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.