Trial reportPloS one2008
A vaccine against nicotine for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in PloS one, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00369616 (Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Nicotine-Qbeta), which is not on this map. Cited by 140 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Nicotine-Qbeta (NicQb) Vaccine Versus Placebo in Healthy Smokers
Who cites it
140 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 282 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccines as a preventive tool for substance use disorder: A systematic review including a meta-analysis on nicotine vaccines' immunogenicity.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Nicotine vaccines for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2012Pooled it
- Development of an Interleukin-1β Vaccine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2016Trial
- Immunogenicity and smoking-cessation outcomes for a novel nicotine immunotherapeutic.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2011Trial
- A Virus-Like-Particle-Based Conjugate Vaccine Targeting the Microtubule Binding Region of Tau Protein.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Virus Biomimetic-Delivery Systems for the Production of Vaccines.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Precision Adjuvant Strategies in Vaccine Development for Substance Use Disorders: Variability and Mechanistic Insights.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- NICBrain sciences · 2025Article
- Two doses of Qβ virus like particle vaccines elicit protective antibodies against heroin and fentanyl.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Vaccines to Treat Substance Use Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Virus-like particle: a nano-platform that delivers cancer antigens to elicit an anti-tumor immune response.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Self-Adjuvanting TLR7/8 Agonist and Fentanyl Hapten Co-Conjugate Achieves Enhanced Protection against Fentanyl Challenge.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2023Article
- Proof of concept for a single-dose Group B Streptococcus vaccine based on capsular polysaccharide conjugated to Qβ virus-like particles.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Immunotherapeutic strategies for treating opioid use disorder and overdose.Expert opinion on investigational drugs · 2023Review
- Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Drug Addiction.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Vaccines against Drug Abuse-Are We There Yet?Vaccines · 2022Review
80 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTobacco dependence is the leading cause of preventable death and disabilities worldwide and nicotine is the main substance responsible for the addiction to tobacco. A vaccine against nicotine was tested in a 6-month randomized, double blind phase II smoking cessation study in 341 smokers with a subsequent 6-month follow-up period. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findings229 subjects were randomized to receive five intramuscular injections of the nicotine vaccine and 112 to receive placebo at monthly intervals. All subjects received individual behavioral smoking cessation counseling. The vaccine was safe, generally well tolerated and highly immunogenic, inducing a 100% antibody responder rate after the first injection. Point prevalence of abstinence at month 2 showed a statistically significant difference between subjects treated with Nicotine-Qbeta (47.2%) and placebo (35.1%) (P = 0.036), but continuous abstinence between months 2 and 6 was not significantly different. However, in subgroup analysis of the per-protocol population, the third of subjects with highest antibody levels showed higher continuous abstinence from month 2 until month 6 (56.6%) than placebo treated participants (31.3%) (OR 2.9; P = 0.004) while medium and low antibody levels did not increase abstinence rates. After 12 month, the difference in continuous abstinence rate between subjects on placebo and those with high antibody response was maintained (difference 20.2%, P = 0.012).
conclusionsWhereas Nicotine-Qbeta did not significantly increase continuous abstinence rates in the intention-to-treat population, subgroup analyses of the per-protocol population suggest that such a vaccination against nicotine can significantly increase continuous abstinence rates in smokers when sufficiently high antibody levels are achieved. Immunotherapy might open a new avenue to the treatment of nicotine addiction.
trial registrationSwiss Medical Registry 2003DR2327; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00369616.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.