ArticlePloS one2008
On the action of cyclosporine A, rapamycin and tacrolimus on M. avium including subspecies paratuberculosis.
Article in PloS one, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interference of Immunosuppressive Therapies with Cellular Antimicrobial Activity AgainstInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
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- Autophagy in mycobacterial infections: molecular mechanisms, host-pathogen interactions, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Showing the Development of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense Infection during Sirolimus Therapy.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2024Article
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- Autophagy as a Target for Drug Development Of Skin Infection Caused by Mycobacteria.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Warm, Sweetened Milk at the Twilight of Immunity - Alzheimer's Disease - Inflammaging, Insulin Resistance,Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Targeted Combination Antibiotic Therapy Induces Remission in Treatment-Naïve Crohn's Disease: A Case Series.Microorganisms · 2020Article
- Targeting Autophagy as a Strategy for Developing New Vaccines and Host-Directed Therapeutics Against Mycobacteria.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Review
- Profound remission in Crohn's disease requiring no further treatment for 3-23 years: a case series.Gut pathogens · 2020Article
- Cows Get Crohn's Disease and They're Giving Us Diabetes.Microorganisms · 2019Article
- Anaerobic adaptation ofGut pathogens · 2017Article
- Pathogenesis, Molecular Genetics, and Genomics ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2017Review
- Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: Bug or no bug.World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology · 2015Review
- What Role Does Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Play in Crohn's Disease?Current infectious disease reports · 2015Article
- Mycobacterium paratuberculosis as a cause of Crohn's disease.Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology · 2015Review
- Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the etiology of Crohn's disease, cause or epiphenomenon?World journal of gastroenterology · 2014Review
- Mammalian target of Rapamycin inhibition and mycobacterial survival are uncoupled in murine macrophages.BMC biochemistry · 2014Article
- Article
- Reduced diversity and imbalance of fecal microbiota in patients with ulcerative colitis.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) may be zoonotic. Recently the "immuno-modulators" methotrexate, azathioprine and 6-MP and the "anti-inflammatory" 5-ASA have been shown to inhibit MAP growth in vitro. We concluded that their most plausible mechanism of action is as antiMAP antibiotics. The "immunosuppressants" Cyclosporine A, Rapamycin and Tacrolimus (FK 506) treat a variety of "autoimmune" and "inflammatory" diseases. Rapamycin and Tacrolimus are macrolides. We hypothesized that their mode of action may simply be to inhibit MAP growth. METHODOLOGY: The effect on radiometric MAP (14)CO(2) growth kinetics of Cyclosporine A, Rapamycin and Tacrolimus on MAP cultured from humans (Dominic & UCF 4) or ruminants (ATCC 19698 & 303) and M. avium subspecies avium (ATCC 25291 & 101) are presented as "percent decrease in cumulative GI" (%-DeltacGI.) PRINCIPAL
findingsThe positive control clofazimine has 99%-DeltacGI at 0.5 microg/ml (Dominic). Phthalimide, a negative control has no dose dependent inhibition on any strain. Against MAP there is dose dependent inhibition by the immunosuppressants. Cyclosporine has 97%-DeltacGI by 32 microg/ml (Dominic), Rapamycin has 74%-DeltacGI by 64 microg/ml (UCF 4) and Tacrolimus 43%-DeltacGI by 64 microg/ml (UCF 4)
conclusionsWe show heretofore-undescribed inhibition of MAP growth in vitro by "immunosuppressants;" the cyclic undecapeptide Cyclosporine A, and the macrolides Rapamycin and Tacrolimus. These data are compatible with our thesis that, unknowingly, the medical profession has been treating MAP infections since 1942 when 5-ASA and subsequently azathioprine, 6-MP and methotrexate were introduced in the therapy of some "autoimmune" and "inflammatory" diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.