ArticleBMC psychiatry2008
Reliability and validity of the Thai version of the PHQ-9.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05070949 (Self-compassion to Reduce Diabetes Distress in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes), which is not on this map. Cited by 215 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Self-compassion to Reduce Diabetes Distress in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes
Who cites it
215 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 424 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mental Health of University Students in Southeastern Asia: A Systematic Review.Asia-Pacific journal of public health · 2022Pooled it
- Selective cutoff reporting in studies of the accuracy of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: Comparison of results based on published cutoffs versus all cutoffs using individual participant data meta-analysis.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2021Pooled it
- Establishing reliability and validity for mental health screening instruments in resource-constrained settings: Systematic review of the PHQ-9 and key recommendations.Psychiatry research · 2020Pooled it
- Are there researcher allegiance effects in diagnostic validation studies of the PHQ-9? A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2017Pooled it
- Comparing the accuracy of brief versus long depression screening instruments which have been validated in low and middle income countries: a systematic review.BMC psychiatry · 2012Pooled it
- Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2012Pooled it
- Effects of remotely-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2025Trial
- Curcumin Reduces Depression in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Evaluation of a Strength-Based Resilience Program on Resilience, Perceived Stress, and Depressive Symptoms Among Secondary School Students in a Thai Private School: A Single-Group Pre-Post-Follow-Up Mixed-Methods Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Factors Associated with Lifetime HIV Testing Among Thai General Population Adults: Finding from the 6th Thai National Health Examination Survey.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Bridging clinical needs and economic barriers: a national survey of antidepressant prescribing across 25 hospitals in Thailand.International journal of mental health systems · 2026Article
- Association between combined oral contraceptive pills and depression in women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (formerly polycystic ovary syndrome): a comparative cross-sectional study.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- Adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptoms among Thai medical students: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Development and validation of an Online Comprehensive Geriatric Screening (O-CGS) Tool.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of geriatric syndromes using an online self-administered screening tool based on the ICOPE framework in primary care.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Clinical features and diagnostic pathways of trigeminal neuralgia: a retrospective study in a tertiary orofacial pain clinic.Journal of oral & facial pain and headache · 2026Article
- Neuroaxonal Injury in Acute HIV Infection and Following Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A psychometric assessment of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for people living with acutely-treated HIV in Thailand.Psychiatry research communications · 2026Article
- Depression and quality of life among Thai and migrant sex workers in Thailand: a cross-sectional study.Journal of affective disorders · 2026Article
- Limitations of PHQ-9 as a first line mental health screener in primary care.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
155 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMost depression screening tools in Thailand are lengthy. The long process makes them impractical for routine use in primary care. This study aims to examine the reliability and validity of a Thai version Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening tool for major depression in primary care patients.
methodsThe English language PHQ-9 was translated into Thai. The process involved back-translation, cross-cultural adaptation, field testing of the pre-final version, as well as final adjustments. The PHQ-9 was then administered among 1,000 patients in family practice clinic. Of these 1,000 patients, 300 were further assessed by the Thai version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Thai version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). These tools served as gold-standards for diagnosing depression and for assessing symptom severity, respectively. In the assessment, reliability and validity analyses, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were performed.
resultsComplete data were obtained from 924 participants and 279 interviewed respondents. The mean age of the participants was 45.0 years (SD = 14.3) and 73.7% of them were females. The mean PHQ-9 score was 4.93 (SD = 3.75). The Thai version of the PHQ-9 had satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.79) and showed moderate convergent validity with the HAM-D (r = 0.56; P < 0.001). The categorical algorithm of the PHQ-9 had low sensitivity (0.53) but very high specificity (0.98) and positive likelihood ratio (27.37). Used as a continuous measure, the optimal cut-off score of PHQ-9 >/= 9 revealed a sensitivity of 0.84, specificity of 0.77, positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.21, negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.99, and positive likelihood ratio of 3.71. The area under the curve (AUC) in this study was 0.89 (SD = 0.05, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.92).
conclusionThe Thai version of the PHQ-9 has acceptable psychometric properties for screening for major depression in general practice with a recommended cut-off score of nine or greater.
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