ReviewJournal of rehabilitation research and development2008
Muscle and bone plasticity after spinal cord injury: review of adaptations to disuse and to electrical muscle stimulation.
Review in Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 184 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy of gait rehabilitations for the treatment of incomplete spinal cord injury: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2023Pooled it
- Mimicking muscle activity with electrical stimulation.Journal of neural engineering · 2011Trial
- Strategies to mitigate muscle mass loss in individuals with spinal cord injury.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2026Review
- Spasticity and Abnormal Tone Regulation After Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanisms and the Effects of Neuromodulation.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Disuse Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury: Scope and Challenges, Potential Mechanisms, Treatment, and Future Directions.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Review
- Radiographic Findings in the Lower Extremity Joints of Long-Term Users of Implanted Standing Neuroprostheses with Spinal Cord Injuries.Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation · 2025Article
- Impact of Combined Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (Comb-NMES) on Glucose Signaling and Muscle Myofiber Distribution in a Patient with Acute Spinal Cord Injury and Lower Motor Neuron Lesion.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Optimal neuromuscular electrical stimulation parameters after spinal cord injury.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2024Article
- The Effect of Lower Limb Combined Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Skeletal Muscle Cross-Sectional Area and Inflammatory Signaling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Research Progress on the Effects of Different Exercise Modes on the Secretion of Exerkines After Spinal Cord Injury.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- Distinct Genomic Expression Signatures after Low-Force Electrically Induced Exercises in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Efficacy of Body-Weight Supported Treadmill Training and Neurotrophin-Releasing Scaffold in Minimizing Bone Loss Following Spinal Cord Injury.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Clinical Management of Electrical Stimulation Therapies in the Rehabilitation of Individuals with Spinal Cord Injuries.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Muscle-Restricted Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 4 Knockout Partially Corrects Muscle Contractility After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice.Neurotrauma reports · 2024Article
- The Interconnection Between Muscle and Bone: A Common Clinical Management Pathway.Calcified tissue international · 2024Review
- A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities.Military Medical Research · 2023Review
- Effects of a combined progressive resistance training and functional electrical stimulation-evoked cycling exercise on lower limb muscle strength of individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled study.Turkish journal of physical medicine and rehabilitation · 2023Article
- Acute Low Force Electrically Induced Exercise Modulates Post Prandial Glycemic Markers in People with Spinal Cord Injury.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2022Article
- The effect of Functional Electrical Stimulation-assisted posture-shifting in bone mineral density: case series-pilot study.Spinal cord series and cases · 2022Article
- Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training Ameliorates Motoneuronal Hyperexcitability by Increasing GAD-65/67 and KCC2 Expression via TrkB Signaling in Rats with Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury.Neurochemical research · 2022Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The paralyzed musculoskeletal system retains a remarkable degree of plasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI). In response to reduced activity, muscle atrophies and shifts toward a fast-fatigable phenotype arising from numerous changes in histochemistry and metabolic enzymes. The loss of routine gravitational and muscular loads removes a critical stimulus for maintenance of bone mineral density (BMD), precipitating neurogenic osteoporosis in paralyzed limbs. The primary adaptations of bone to reduced use are demineralization of epiphyses and thinning of the diaphyseal cortical wall. Electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscle markedly reduces deleterious post-SCI adaptations. Recent studies demonstrate that physiological levels of electrically induced muscular loading hold promise for preventing post-SCI BMD decline. Rehabilitation specialists will be challenged to develop strategies to prevent or reverse musculoskeletal deterioration in anticipation of a future cure for SCI. Quantifying the precise dose of stress needed to efficiently induce a therapeutic effect on bone will be paramount to the advancement of rehabilitation strategies.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.