ArticleDevelopmental neurobiology2008
The role of cell death in sexually dimorphic muscle development: male-specific muscles are retained in female bax/bak knockout mice.
Article in Developmental neurobiology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- MiR-24-3p Conservatively Regulates Muscle Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis by Targeting Common GeneAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Sexual dimorphism through androgen signaling; from external genitalia to muscles.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Effects of sex and prenatal androgen manipulations on Onuf's nucleus of rhesus macaques.Hormones and behavior · 2018Article
- Androgen receptors and muscle: a key mechanism underlying life history trade-offs.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2018Review
- Mechanisms and consequences of entosis.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2016Review
- Nonmyocytic androgen receptor regulates the sexually dimorphic development of the embryonic bulbocavernosus muscle.Endocrinology · 2014Article
- The effects of perinatal testosterone exposure on the DNA methylome of the mouse brain are late-emerging.Biology of sex differences · 2014Article
- Sexual differentiation of the nervous system: where the action is.Endocrinology · 2009Article
- Sexual differentiation of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus is not mediated solely by androgen receptors in muscle fibers.Endocrinology · 2009Article
- The organizational hypothesis and final common pathways: Sexual differentiation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.Hormones and behavior · 2009Review
- Control of cell number in the sexually dimorphic brain and spinal cord.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2009Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA) muscles are present in males but absent or severely reduced in females, and the fate of these muscles controls the survival of motoneurons in the sexually dimorphic spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus. However, the mechanism underlying the sex difference in BC and LA development has been controversial. We examined the role of cell death in sexual differentiation of the bulbocavernosus BC/LA muscles in mice. Muscle development was mapped from embryonic day 16 (E16) to postnatal day 5 (P5). A sex difference (male>female) first arose on E17 (BC) or E18 (LA), and increased in magnitude postnatally. TUNEL labeling revealed dying cells in the BC and LA muscles of both sexes perinatally. However, females had a significantly higher density of TUNEL-positive cells than did males. A role for the proapoptotic factors, Bax and Bak, in BC/LA development was tested by examining mice lacking one or both of these proteins. In females lacking either Bax or Bak, the BC was absent and the LA rudimentary. Deletion of both bax and bak genes, however, rescued the BC, increased LA size approximately 20-fold relative to controls, and virtually eliminated TUNEL-positive cells in both muscles. We conclude that cell death plays an essential role in sexual differentiation of the BC/LA muscles. The presence of either Bax or Bak is sufficient for cell death in the BC/LA, whereas the absence of both prevents sexually dimorphic muscle cell death.
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