Association mapping by generalized linear regression with density-based haplotype clustering.

Haplotypes of closely linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) potentially offer greater power than individual SNPs to detect association between genetic variants and disease. We present a novel approach for association mapping in which density-based clustering of haplotypes reduces the dimensionality of the general linear model (GLM)-based score test of association implemented in the HaploStats software (Schaid et al. [2002] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:425-434). A flexible haplotype similarity score, a generalization of previously used measures, forms the basis, for grouping haplotypes of probable recent common ancestry. All haplotypes within a cluster are assigned the same regression coefficient within the GLM, and evidence for association is assessed with a score statistic. The approach is applicable to both binary and continuous trait data, and does not require prior phase information. Results of simulation studies demonstrated that clustering enhanced the power of the score test to detect association, under a variety of conditions, while preserving valid Type-I error. Improvement in performance was most dramatic in the presence of extreme haplotype diversity, while a slight improvement was observed even at low diversity. Our method also offers, for binary traits, a slight advantage in power over a similar approach based on an evolutionary model (Tzeng et al. [2006] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78:231-242).