ArticlePloS one2008
Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 visualized at the virological synapse by electron tomography.
Article in PloS one, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV): Epidemiology, Genetic, Pathogenesis, and Future Challenges.Viruses · 2025Review
- The placental battlefield: viral strategies and immune countermeasures.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Investigating the correlation between prominent viruses and hematological malignancies: a literature review.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Review
- Recent Updates on Viral Oncogenesis: Available Preventive and Therapeutic Entities.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Onco-Pathogen Mediated Cancer Progression and Associated Signaling Pathways in Cancer Development.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Mechanisms of Innate Immune Sensing of HTLV-1 and Viral Immune Evasion.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Role of miRNAs in Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Induced T Cell Leukemia: A Literature Review and Bioinformatics Approach.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- NK cells and monocytes modulate primary HTLV-1 infection.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Review
- The Past, Present, and Future of a Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Vaccine.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Review
- Antiviral Effects of Oleandrin.Journal of experimental pharmacology · 2020Review
- Microbial Biofilms: Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 First in Line for Viral Biofilm but Far Behind Bacterial Biofilms.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Review
- Constrained Nanoparticles Deliver siRNA and sgRNA to T Cells In Vivo without Targeting Ligands.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2019Article
- The Botanical Glycoside Oleandrin Inhibits Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type-1 Infectivity and Env-Dependent Virological Synapse Formation.Journal of antivirals & antiretrovirals · 2019Article
- HTLV-1 Extracellular Vesicles Promote Cell-to-Cell Contact.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Article
- Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1: parasitism and pathogenesis.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2017Review
- Cell-Free versus Cell-to-Cell Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1: Exploring the Link among Viral Source, Viral Trafficking, and Viral Replication.Journal of virology · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is transmitted directly between cells via an organized cell-cell contact called a virological synapse (VS). The VS has been studied by light microscopy, but the ultrastructure of the VS and the nature of the transmitted viral particle have remained unknown. Cell-free enveloped virions of HTLV-1 are undetectable in the serum of individuals infected with the human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and during in vitro culture of naturally infected lymphocytes. However, the viral envelope protein is required for infectivity of HTLV-1, suggesting that complete, enveloped HTLV-1 virions are transferred across the synapse. Here, we use electron tomography combined with immunostaining of viral protein to demonstrate the presence of enveloped HTLV-1 particles within the VS formed between naturally infected lymphocytes. We show in 3D that HTLV-1 particles can be detected in multiple synaptic clefts at different locations simultaneously within the same VS. The synaptic clefts are surrounded by the tightly apposed plasma membranes of the two cells. HTLV-1 virions can contact the recipient cell membrane before detaching from the infected cell. The results show that the HTLV-1 virological synapse that forms spontaneously between lymphocytes of HTLV-1 infected individuals allows direct cell-cell transmission of the virus by triggered, directional release of enveloped HTLV-1 particles into confined intercellular spaces.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.