Trial reportPediatric diabetes2008
Enhanced levels of cow's milk antibodies in infancy in children who develop type 1 diabetes later in childhood.
Trial report in Pediatric diabetes, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03032354 (Effect of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium Lactis BB 12 on Beta-cell Function in Children With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes - a Randomized Controlled Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium Lactis BB 12 on Beta-cell Function in Children With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes - a Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enterovirus infection and type 1 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational molecular studies.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2011Pooled it
- Trial
- From Microbes to Metabolites: Advances in Gut Microbiome Research in Type 1 Diabetes.Metabolites · 2025Review
- The level of I-FABP and IgA/IgG to beta-lactoglobulin in mothers at risk for gestational diabetes and in their children: association with antibodies toFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Elevated Serum IgA at Onset of Type 1 Diabetes in Children.Pediatric diabetes · 2024Article
- Assessment of glucocorticoid and antibiotic exposure as risk factors for diabetes mellitus in selected dog breeds attending UK primary-care clinics.The Veterinary record · 2023Article
- Allergy and autoimmunity in children: non-mutually exclusive diseases. A narrative review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Review article: Becoming and being coeliac-special considerations for childhood, adolescence and beyond.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2022Review
- The Multifactorial Progression from the Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Early-onset colorectal cancer: initial clues and current views.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2020Review
- Current understandings of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: Genetics to environment.World journal of diabetes · 2020Review
- Early Nutrition and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: The Role of Gut Microbiota.Frontiers in nutrition · 2020Review
- The heterogeneous pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2019Review
- Factors Affecting Breastfeeding Practices in Sindh Province, Pakistan: A Secondary Analysis of Cross-Sectional Survey Data.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes: A comprehensive review.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2018Review
- Recognition of ZnT8, Proinsulin, and Homologous MAP Peptides in Sardinian Children at Risk of T1D Precedes Detection of Classical Islet Antibodies.Journal of diabetes research · 2016Article
- Role of the gastrointestinal ecosystem in the development of type 1 diabetes.Pediatric diabetes · 2015Review
- Type 1 diabetes and polyglandular autoimmune syndrome: A review.World journal of diabetes · 2015Review
- Human intestinal microbiota and type 1 diabetes.Current diabetes reports · 2013Review
- Prevention or acceleration of type 1 diabetes by viruses.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEarly exposure to cow's milk (CM) proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D).
objectiveWe analyzed the development of the humoral immune response to dietary CM proteins in early childhood and its relation to later T1D. SUBJECTS AND
methodsWe studied a subgroup of 94 children randomized to be weaned to a CM-based infant formula in the trial to reduce insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the genetically at risk (TRIGR) pilot study. All subjects carried human leukocyte antigen-conferred T1D susceptibility and had an affected first-degree relative. After 7 years of follow-up, 8 subjects had progressed to T1D, 15 had at least one disease-associated autoantibody, and 71 remained autoantibody negative (controls). Immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA class antibodies to whole CM formula, beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), bovine serum albumin, and alpha-casein and IgG antibodies to bovine insulin (BI) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays from sequential samples.
resultsThe children with later T1D showed increased IgG levels to BLG from 3 to 18 months of age (p = 0.028) and enhanced IgA levels to CM formula at the age of 9 months (p = 0.022) compared with controls. In the children with an affected father or sibling, IgG antibodies to BI were higher in autoantibody-positive subjects than in autoantibody-negative subjects at 18 months of age (p = 0.022).
conclusionAn enhanced humoral immune response to various CM proteins in infancy is seen in a subgroup of those children who later progress to T1D. Accordingly, a dysregulated immune response to oral antigens is an early event in the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.