Evidence map›Paper›PMID 18498666›Full record

ArticleBMC infectious diseases2008

Frequency distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in different geographical regions of Pakistan and their possible routes of transmission.

Muhammad Idrees, Sheikh Riazuddin

2 registry-linked trialsAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 82 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
82citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01095445 phase3terminatednot on this mapstarted 2010, after this paper: background citation

EXtended Therapy in Genotype 3 Infected Patients Who do Not AChieve a Treatment Response at Week 4 (RVR) But do Achieve a Complete Early Virologic Response (cEVR)

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity Health Network, TorontoRan2010 to 2011Enrolled2ConditionsChronic Hepatitis CArmsPeginterferon alfa-2b (Pegetron) plus ribavirin (Rebetol)
NCT02601976 phase4completednot on this mapstarted 2010, after this paper: background citation

Response Evaluation of Peginterferon Alfa-2a 180µg 20kDa (Unipeg®) Plus Ribavirin (Ribazole®) in Treatment naïve Pakistani Population With Chronic Hepatitis C Infection

TypeinterventionalSponsorGetz PharmaRan2010 to 2014Enrolled64ConditionsHepatitis CArmsPeginterferon alfa-2a, Ribavirin
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

82 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  19. Comparative Analysis of Electrochemiluminescence Assay and Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay for the Screening of Hepatitis C.Indian journal of hematology & blood transfusion : an official journal of Indian Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion · 2019
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22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Muhammad IdreesDivision of Molecular Virology & Molecular Diagnostics, National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan. idreeskhan96@yahoo.com
Sheikh Riazuddin

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundInformation regarding hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes circulating in Pakistan and various risk factors for their transmission are not known well. The specific objective of this study was to find out the frequency of various HCV genotypes present in well-characterized Pakistani HCV isolates and their possible routes of transmission.

methodsA total of 3351 serum samples were tested by type-specific genotyping assay. Out of 3351 HCV RNA positive patients, 2039 were males and 1312 were females. As regard as genotyped samples, 2165 belonged to Punjab region, 823 belonged to N.W.F.P., 239 to Sindh and 124 patients were from Balochistan.

resultsOut of the total 3351 tested serum samples, type-specific PCR fragments were observed in 3150 (94.00%) serum samples. The distribution of genotypes of the typeable samples as determined by this assay, was as follows: 1664 (49.05%) genotype 3a; 592 (17.66%) genotype 3b; 280 (8.35%) genotype 1a; 252 (7.52%) genotype 2a; 101 (3.01%) genotype 1b; 50 (1.49%) with genotype 4; 25 (0.75%) with 3c; 27 (0.80%) genotype 2b; 6 (0.18%) with subtype 5a; 5 (0.15%) genotype 1c; 4 (0.12%) with subtype 6a; 3 (0.09%) genotype 2c; and 161 (4.80%) patients were infected with mixed infection. Two hundred and one (5.99%) serum samples were found untypeable by the present genotyping system. More than 86% and 72% patients with genotypes 3a and 3b respectively had received multiple injections in past. For genotypes 1a and 1b the route of transmission was major/minor surgery along with unknown reasons. Majority of the cases with type 2a, 2b and indeterminate genotypes were sporadic. Mixed infections were common in thalassaemic patients.

conclusionThe most common HCV genotype in Pakistan is type 3a. Regional difference in genotypes was observed only in Balochistan province of Pakistan. More than 70% of the cases were acquired in hospitals through reuse of needles/syringes and major/minor surgery that is very common in this country.

Indexed as

Cross InfectionDatabases, Nucleic AcidEquipment ContaminationFemaleGenes, ViralGenotypeGeographyHepacivirusHepatitis CHumansMalePakistanPolymerase Chain ReactionRisk FactorsSex Distribution

Identifiers

PMID18498666
PMCPMC2409346

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.