ArticleSocial science & medicine (1982)2008
Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status.
Article in Social science & medicine (1982), 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 176 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
176 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 442 citations in OpenAlex.
- COSMIN systematic review of stigma measurement in smoking, COPD, and lung cancer: content analysis, language audit, and psychometrics.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Perceptions of friendship, peers and influence on adolescent smoking according to tobacco control context: a systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- The downside of tobacco control? Smoking and self-stigma: A systematic review.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2015Pooled it
- Recent advances in cross-cultural measurement in psychiatric epidemiology: utilizing 'what matters most' to identify culture-specific aspects of stigma.International journal of epidemiology · 2014Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Virtual Sustained Tobacco Treatment for Patients With Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial (ECOG-ACRIN: EAQ171CD) Within the National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Working Memory Training Reduces Cigarette Smoking Among Low-Income Individuals With Elevated Delay Discounting.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Trial
- Long-term Results From the FRESH RCT: Sustained Reduction of Children's Tobacco Smoke Exposure.American journal of preventive medicine · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Attitudes about smoking cessation treatment, intention to quit, and cessation treatment utilization among young adult smokers with severe mental illnesses.Addictive behaviors · 2019Trial
- A Proactive Smoking Cessation Intervention for Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Smokers: The Role of Smoking-Related Stigma.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2018Trial
- Validity and reliability of the Internalized Stigma of Smoking Inventory: An exploration of shame, isolation, and discrimination in smokers with mental health diagnoses.The American journal on addictions · 2015Trial
- The dynamic relationship between social norms and behaviors: the results of an HIV prevention network intervention for injection drug users.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2013Trial
- The relationship between drug user stigma and depression among inner-city drug users in Baltimore, MD.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2013Trial
- Understanding considerations and priorities in health behaviours: A multi-dimensional risk-benefit perspective.British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953) · 2026Article
- Strengthening awareness and community resources for early detection of lung cancer through navigation guided screening in American Indian/Alaska Native clinics (SACRED LUNGS): Study protocol.Contemporary clinical trials · 2026Article
- Article
- Stigma toward female smokers: gendered perceptions and moral judgment.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Improving behavioural interventions in healthcare to address the needs of disadvantaged groups: A policy-focused evidence brief.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
116 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
An increase in the social unacceptability of smoking has dramatically decreased tobacco use in the USA. However, how policies (e.g., smoke free air laws) and social factors (e.g., social norms) drive the social unacceptability of tobacco use are not well understood. New research suggests that the stigmatization of smokers is an unrecognized force in the tobacco epidemic and could be one such mechanism. Thus, it is important to investigate the sources of smoker-related stigmatization as perceived by current and former smokers. In this study, we draw on the broader literature about stigma formation in the context of the tobacco epidemic and examine the role of attribution, fear, tobacco control policies, power and social norms in the formation of smoker-related stigma. We test hypotheses about the determinants of stigma using a population-based sample of 816 current and former smokers in New York City. The results show that perceptions of individual attributions for smoking behavior and fear about the health consequences of second hand smoke are important influences on smoker-related stigmatization. Structural forms of discrimination perpetrated against smokers and former smokers (e.g., company policies against hiring smokers) are also related to smoker-related stigma. Respondents with more education perceive more smoker-related stigma than respondents with less education and, Black and Latino respondents perceive less smoker-related stigma than White respondents. Social norms, specifically family and friends' expressed disapproval of smoking, contribute to the formation of smoker-related stigma. These findings suggest important points of leverage to harness the powerful role of stigma in the smoking epidemic and raise concerns about the possible role of stigma in the production of smoking disparities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.