ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2008
Inoculation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin to mice induces an acute episode of sickness behavior followed by chronic depressive-like behavior.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers.
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Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Depression in Patients With Cancer: A Review of Mechanistic and Clinical Evidence.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Review
- The kynurenine pathway in relation to depression and anhedonia symptom severity among women with HIV.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- The kynurenine pathway in depression and schizophrenia: convergent signals, divergent states, and clinical signatures.EXCLI journal · 2026Review
- Electroacupuncture mitigates Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced depression-like behavior and neuroinflammation via BDNF and NF-κB pathway in mice.Animal cells and systems · 2026Article
- Inflammatory models of depression in rodents and humans.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Article
- Mouse Testing Methods in Psychoneuroimmunology: Measuring Behavioral Responses.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Annual Research Review: Puberty and the development of anhedonia - considering childhood adversity and inflammation.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2024Review
- Depressed Mood as a Significant Risk Factor for Gynecological Cancer Aggravation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Stress to inflammation and anhedonia: Mechanistic insights from preclinical and clinical models.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2023Review
- Chronic Mycobacterium avium infection differentially affects the cytokine expression profile of three mouse strains, but has no effect on behavior.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Missing Piece? A Case for Microglia's Prominent Role in the Therapeutic Action of Anesthetics, Ketamine, and Psychedelics.Neurochemical research · 2023Review
- Anxiety, depression, and memory loss in Chagas disease: a puzzle far beyond neuroinflammation to be unpicked and solved.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2023Article
- Potential Inflammatory Biomarker in Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Vitamin B6 Antidepressant Effects Are Comparable to Common Antidepressant Drugs in Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin Induced Depression Model in Mice.Iranian journal of psychiatry · 2022Article
- SSRIs: Applications in inflammatory lung disease and implications for COVID-19.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2021Review
- Short- and Long-Term Effects of Vitamin D Treatment on Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2021Article
- Multimodal Investigations of Reward Circuitry and Anhedonia in Adolescent Depression.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Review
- Neuronal Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Bioenergetic Failure in Inflammation-Associated Depression.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Review
- Disentangling fatigue from anhedonia: a scoping review.Translational psychiatry · 2020Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although cytokine-induced sickness behavior is now well-established, the mechanisms by which chronic inflammation and depression are linked still remain elusive. Therefore this study aimed to develop a suitable model to identify the neurobiological basis of depressive-like behavior induced by chronic inflammation, independently of sickness behavior. We chose to measure the behavioral consequences of chronic inoculation of mice with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), which has been shown to chronically activate both lung and brain indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme that mediates the occurrence of depressive-like behavior following acute innate immune system activation. BCG inoculation induced an acute episode of sickness (approximately 5 days) that was followed by development of delayed depressive-like behaviors lasting over several weeks. Transient body weight loss, reduction of motor activity and the febrile response to BCG were dissociated temporarily from a sustained increase in the duration of immobility in both forced swim and tail suspension tests, reduced voluntary wheel running and decreased preference for sucrose (a test of anhedonia). Moreover, we show that a distinct pattern of cytokine production and IDO activation parallels the transition from sickness to depression. Protracted depressive-like behavior, but not sickness behavior, was associated with sustained increase in plasma interferon-gamma and TNF-alpha concentrations and peripheral IDO activation. Together, these promising new data establish BCG inoculation of mice as a reliable rodent model of chronic inflammation-induced depressive-like behaviors that recapitulate many clinical observations and provide important clues about the neurobiological basis through which cytokines may have an impact on affective behaviors.
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