ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2008
Inhibitors of bacterial multidrug efflux pumps potentiate antimicrobial photoinactivation.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 133 citations in OpenAlex.
- Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Photodynamic Therapy for Chronic Periodontitis in Vivo.International journal of molecular sciences · 2016Trial
- Illuminating the mechanism: gene expression responses to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.BMC genomics · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using gold nanoparticles conjugated with 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue for treating Staphylococcus skin infections.Lasers in medical science · 2025Article
- Superhydrophobic Dressing for Singlet Oxygen Delivery in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Biofilms.ACS applied bio materials · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Brazilian green propolis controls intradermal infection induced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and modulates the inflammatory response in a murine model.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2024Article
- Phenylalanine-Arginine-β-Naphthylamide Enhances the Photobactericidal Effect of Methylene Blue onPhotobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery · 2023Article
- Evaluation of a Luminometric Cell Counting System in Context of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Membrane damage as mechanism of photodynamic inactivation using Methylene blue and TMPyP in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2022Article
- Development of Phenothiazine Hybrids with Potential Medicinal Interest: A Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Methylene Blue-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Against Clinical Isolates of Extensively Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Causing Nosocomial Infections in Thailand, AnFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- β-Lactam potentiators to re-sensitize resistant pathogens: Discovery, development, clinical use and the way forward.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for biofilm treatments. Possible synergy between aPDT and pulsed electric fields.Virulence · 2021Review
- Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Latest Developments with a Focus on Combinatory Strategies.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Efflux pump inhibitors: new updates.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2021Review
- Factors Determining the Susceptibility of Bacteria to Antibacterial Photodynamic Inactivation.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Review
- Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria with Porphyrin Derivatives: Effect of Charge, Lipophilicity, ROS Generation, and Cellular Uptake on Their Biological Activity In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- An approach to the photocatalytic mechanism in the TiOApplied catalysis. B, Environmental · 2020Review
- Effective Photodynamic Inactivation of 26Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Modulation of Toxin-Antitoxin System Rnl AB Type II in Phage-Resistant Gammaproteobacteria Surviving Photodynamic Treatment.Journal of lasers in medical sciences · 2019Review
- Emerging Strategies to Combat ESKAPE Pathogens in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI) combines a nontoxic photoactivatable dye or photosensitizer (PS) with harmless visible light to generate singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species that kill microbial cells. Cationic phenothiazinium dyes, such as toluidine blue O (TBO), are the only PS used clinically for APDI, and we recently reported that this class of PS are substrates of multidrug efflux pumps in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. We now report that APDI can be significantly potentiated by combining the PS with an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI). Killing of Staphylococcus aureus mediated by TBO and red light is greatly increased by coincubation with known inhibitors of the major facilitator pump (NorA): the diphenyl urea INF271, reserpine, 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin, and the polyacylated neohesperidoside, ADH7. The potentiation effect is greatest in the case of S. aureus mutants that overexpress NorA and least in NorA null cells. Addition of the EPI before TBO has a bigger effect than addition of the EPI after TBO. Cellular uptake of TBO is increased by EPI. EPI increased photodynamic inactivation killing mediated by other phenothiazinium dyes, such as methylene blue and dimethylmethylene blue, but not that mediated by nonphenothiazinium PS, such as Rose Bengal and benzoporphyrin derivative. Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated by TBO and light was also potentiated by the resistance nodulation division pump (MexAB-OprM) inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine beta-naphthylamide but to a lesser extent than for S. aureus. These data suggest that EPI could be used in combination with phenothiazinium salts and light to enhance their antimicrobial effect against localized infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.